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Figure 4. EV modifications to enhance drug delivery in liver fibrosis. Different engineering strategies used to optimize EVs for drug delivery in liver fibrosis. EVs can be modified to improve their targeting ability and enhance cargo loading. Various molecular cargoes, including small molecules, RNAs, and proteins, can be loaded into EVs to counteract liver fibrosis. The combination of these modifications enables the development of more efficient and precise EV-based drug delivery systems for liver fibrosis treatment. Created using BioRender. Created in BioRender. Chiabotto, G. (2025) https://BioRender.com/nblg6av. ASO: Antisense oligonucleotide; Cas9: CRISPR-associated protein 9; CRISPR: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; DSPE-PEG: 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-polyethylene glycol; EV: extracellular vesicle; mRNA: messenger RNA; siRNA: small interfering RNA; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; VP64: viral protein 64.