fig10

Figure 10. Ionic thermoelectric supercapacitor (ITESC). (A) Schematic illustration of the operation mechanism at the four stages of an ITESC with the PAA-PEO-3MNaCl ionic hydrogels; (B) Thermo-ionic charging and electronic discharging four-stages curve; (C) Voltage profiles of the external loads with different resistances; (D) Plot of the total charging and discharging energy versus the resistance of the external load. Reproduced with permission^[88]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH; (E) Thermal-ionic charging and electronic discharging four-stages curve of the PAM/CMC-2LiCl ionic hydrogel; (F) Schematic diagram of an ITESC consisting of 5 legs; (G) Thermal voltage depending on the number of legs. Reproduced with permission^[35]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier Ltd.; (H) Schematic illustration of i-TE hydrogel electrolyte with corresponding voltage and temperature profiles; (I) Current density and power density versus output voltage. Reproduced with permission^[36]. Copyright 2025, Royal Society of Chemistry.