fig3

Figure 3. SEM images of (A) glucose, (B) intermediates G15, (C) intermediates G30 and (D) intermediates G35; (E) ¹³C SSNMR spectrum, and signal assignment of glucose and the intermediate G30; (F) Magnified ¹³C SSNMR signal of by-product C₄H₁₀O in Figure 3E; (G) FT-IR spectra of glucose and Gx (x=0, 15, 30, 35); XPS spectra of (H) survey, (I) C 1s, (J) O 1s, and (K) Ti 2p for G15, G30, G35 and glucose; (L) XRD patterns of glucose, G0, G15, G30 and G35. SEM: Scanning electron microscopy; XRD: X-ray diffraction; ¹³C SSNMR: ¹³C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance; FT-IR: fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.