fig13

Figure 13. (A) Typical transmission geometry used for SAXS experiments^[34] (Copyright 2018, Elsevier Ltd). (B) Main panel: Full-range plot of scattering patterns from SAXS to PXRD, represented as absolute intensity vs. the scattering vector Q in log-log scale; the schemes represent the structure and microstructure at various scales, from the macroscopic surface area (left) to micropores (center) to atomic structure (right). Inset: Typical PXRD pattern of a HC with the main reflections indexed according to the 2H graphite structure; the gray discontinuous line indicates the SAXS background signal^[34] (Copyright 2018, Elsevier Ltd). (C) Full range fit of microporous carbons AC, HC, and GC. AC and HC intensities were shifted for clarity. Black symbols represent the experimental data; the red curve represents the calculated pattern; the blue curve corresponds to the calculated I_Porod; the orange curve to the calculated I_mp; and the green curve to the calculated I_waxs^[158] (Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V). (D) The porosity of HC without ball-milling (HC-0) and after 5 (HC-5), 60 (HC-60), and 300 min (HC-300) of ball milling as measured by nitrogen physisorption at 77 Kand SAXS. (i) Physisorption isotherms; and (ii) corresponding pore size distributions. (iii) SAXS curves^[160] (Copyright 2021, Elsevier Ltd).