fig3

Figure 3. Schematic configurations for commonly employed in situ techniques in electrochemical reactions. (A) in situ FTIR^[94]. Copyright 2022 Springer Nature; (B) in situ Raman spectroscopy^[99]. Copyright 2021 Springer Nature; (C) in situ SERS^[104]. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society; (D) in situ XRD^[93]. Copyright 2024 American Chemical Society; (E) in situ XAS^[115]. Copyright 2019 Elsevier. FTIR: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; SERS: surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; XRD: X-ray diffraction; XAS: X-ray absorption spectroscopy.