fig4

Figure 4. (A) FEs on GB-Cu; (B) FE_C2+ of GB-Cu; (C) In situ ATR-SEIRAS spectra of GB-Cu. This figure is quoted with permission from Chen et al. Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society^[65]; (D) Electrochemical deposition procedure for different Cu catalysts; (E) FFT-refined aberration-corrected HAADF-STEM image of the GB-Cu_29.6; (F) FEs for C₂₊ and (G) ECSA-normalized j_C2+ of Cu with different GB densities; (H) Spatially resolved electrochemical map derived from the individual linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves. This figure is quoted with permission from Zhang et al. Copyright (2024) American Chemical Society^[66]. FE: Faradaic efficiency; HAADF-STEM: high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy; GBs: grain boundaries; ATR-SEIRAS: attenuated total reflectance-surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy; FFT: fast Fourier transform; ECSA: electrochemically active surface area.