fig5

Figure 5. (A) Graphical illustration of typical N species in nitrogen-containing graphitic and corresponding binding energies of XPS as marked. Reproduced from Yang et al.^[104] by permission from Wiley-VCH. (B) LSV curves of CNT_PPA (i), CNT_P4VP (ii), CNT_PMPy (iii), CNT_PMVI (iv), CNT_PPP (v), and Pt/C (vi). Reproduced from Rao et al.^[106] by permission from the American Chemical Society (ACS). (C) LSV curves of different NC catalysts. Reproduced from Li et al.^[107] by permission from Elsevier. (D) Schematic diagram of ΔG for the three nitrogen-doped configurations in the first electron reduction process and plot of specific activity versus cycling number for graphite N. Reproduced from Wang et al.^[109] by permission from ACS. (E) ORR-catalyzed cycle for the conversion of graphitic N to pyridine N. Reproduced from Kim et al.^[111] by permission from RSC.