fig18

Figure 18. (A) Difference in electron density and surface binding energy between graphene, N-graphene, and Zn-SAs; Lithium deposition behavior (B) on bare Li and (C) single-atom Zn sites. Reproduced with permission^[99]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier; (D) a mechanism of lithium atom diffusion on bare Li resulting in low dimensional vertical deposition (dendrites) and high dimensional lateral diffusion on SAC-modulated surface. Reproduced with permission^[101]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. SAs: Single atoms; SAC: single atom catalyst.