fig10

Figure 10. (A) Optimized structures of Na⁺ adsorbed on graphene layer of 60 carbon atoms containing five/seven-membered rings; (B) Rate capability of HC and pHC; (C) Cycle performance of full cells at 0.5 A·g^-1 of pHC//NVP and HC//NVP. Quoted with permission from Fang et al.^[99]; (D) Schematic illustration of the evolution of SEI films in the DME-based and DME-0.5%VC electrolytes upon prolonged cycling on HCs; TEM images of HC anodes after 2,000 cycles in the (E) DME-based and (F) DME-0.5%VC electrolytes; (G) Long-term cycling performance. Quoted with permission from Bai et al.^[100]. DME-VC-SEI: SEI films in DME and vinylene carbonate electrolytes; HC: hard carbon; pHC: presodiated HC; NVP: Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃; SEI: solid electrolyte interphase; DME: dimethoxy-ethane; TEM: transmission electron microscopy.