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Figure 10. (A) Schematic illustration of the transformation from insulating 3D MOF precursors to layer-stacked 2D c-MOF samples; (B) Conjugated ligand (left), TEM image (middle) and the corresponding electron energy loss spectroscopy mapping (right) of hollow MOF nanocubes; (C) Schematic illustration of the formation mechanism of the two-stepped transformation mechanism of ZIF-8 particles to hollow particles^[91]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH; (D) Schematic illustration of a typical SALE process; TEM images of (E) yolk-shell nanocube, (F) ball-in-box nanocube, (G) ZIF nanotube, and (H) bead-on-string hybrid structure^[92]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature. Scale bars: (B) 500 nm for middle TEM image and 200 nm for right TEM images, (E) 400 nm, (F) 400 nm, (G) 500 nm, and (H) 500 nm. 3D: Three-dimensional; MOF: metal–organic framework; 2D: two-dimensional; c-MOF: conjugated MOF; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; ZIF: zeolitic imidazolate framework; SALE: solvent-assisted ligand exchange.