fig4

Figure 4. (A and B) Top-view diagrams of constructed models for CoOOH, CoOOH/Cu(111), including the corresponding Bader charge transfer (|e|) and electrostatic potentials with an isosurface value of 0.003 e/Bohr³; (C) Free energy diagram for HMFOR on both CoOOH and CoOOH/Cu(111), illustrating the adsorption configurations of intermediates. HMFOR: 5-hydroxymethylfurfural electrocatalytic oxidation reaction.