Facile synthesis of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 heterojunction photocatalysts for TC degradation
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Abstract
Photocatalysis plays an increasingly important role in the field of water treatment. Among the catalysts, Ag nanoparticles (NPs), a type of noble metal NP, show extraordinary potential for photocatalysis. Nevertheless, the aggregation caused by high surface energy limits their applications. The simple synthesis of Ag NPs with uniform size remains a challenge. In this work, a nitrogen-rich porous organic polymer (POP) with reduction ability, porous aromatic framework (PAF)-54, was chosen as the carrier for the in-situ synthesis of Ag NPs. By virtue of the reducing framework of PAF-54 and the formation of the AgCl/PAF-54 heterojunction, the in-situ reduction of
Keywords
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the rise of organic pollutants, such as antibiotics and pesticides, has posed a growing threat to ecosystems and human health[1-3]. Photocatalysis, a green and sustainable catalytic technology, holds promise in addressing this challenge[4-8]. Among the various photocatalysts, noble metal nanomaterials have garnered significant attention due to their potentially outstanding photocatalytic degradation activity for toxic organic pollutants[9]. On the one hand, their excellent electrical conductivity enables them to act as an electron sink to promote charge carrier separation. On the other hand, the noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) may induce localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect to enhance the solar energy conversion efficiency[10,11]. In particular, Ag NPs have been widely investigated as high-performance photocatalysts due to their relatively low cost, strong LSPR effect, and tunability[12]. When a small particle size of around 25 nm of Ag NPs is optimized and their uniform distribution is adjusted, a significant LSPR effect is observed, greatly enhancing the photocatalytic activity[13]. However, the high surface energy of Ag NPs promotes aggregation, undermining their catalytic activity and efficient use[14].
To address this problem, porous materials, such as porous silica[15], zeolite[16], carbon-based materials[17], polymers[18], and metal-organic frameworks[19], are often used as supports to anchor the metal NPs. This approach ensures the uniform distribution of NPs, enhancing catalytic activity, stability and reusability[20,21]. Porous organic polymers (POPs), a novel lightweight porous material with stable backbone structure, ultra-high specific surface area, and tunable pore functionality[22-25], are also suitable candidates as metal NP supports[26,27]. The tunable groups in the POP structure can act as anchoring sites for metal NPs, effectively preventing their aggregation[28-30]. In addition, the abundant porous structure facilitates the diffusion and contact of organic pollutant molecules with metal NPs on the catalyst surface. A common method for preparing Ag NPs and POPs composites involves adsorbing Ag+ on the POP carrier and then introducing a reducing agent such as NaBH4[31], polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)[32] or hydroxylamine hydrochloride[33] to form Ag NPs. However, during the reduction process of Ag+ on the carrier, precise control of the amount and rate of the reducing agent is crucial to ensure an appropriate reaction rate, in order to avoid significant aggregation of the reduced Ag0. This not only increases the cost and complexity of Ag NP-based material synthesis but may also lead to inadequate anchoring of Ag NPs on the POP carrier. In addition, under ultraviolet (UV) light in the presence of halogens, it is possible to induce the formation of AgX which can further undergo photoreduction to Ag0[34]. However, the morphology of Ag NPs prepared by this method is typically a pending issue. In order to prepare well-distributed Ag-based photocatalysts, it is necessary to develop a facile method.
Nitrogen-rich POPs offer a large number of N atoms that can serve as both adsorption sites for Ag+ and anchoring sites for Ag NPs[35]. What is more, according to the literature, some nitrogen-rich POPs possess reducing properties, and their N-containing functional groups can reduce metal ions such as Ag and Au[36,37]. Therefore, by selecting suitable nitrogen-rich POPs as both a carrier and reducing agent to adsorb Ag+ and undergo moderate in-situ reduction, it is anticipated that Ag NPs with uniform sizes and distributions will be formed, ultimately maximizing the photocatalytic efficiency and usability.
Here, in order to obtain spatially highly dispersed Ag NPs, we selected porous aromatic framework (PAF)-54, a nitrogen-rich POP with reduction framework, as a carrier capable of anchoring and in-situ reduction of Ag(I). The Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 composite was synthesized by a simple one-step “post-synthesis” strategy. On the one hand, the abundant nitrogen elements in the PAF-54 framework can reduce the adsorbed Ag+ and anchor it securely. On the other hand, the Cl elements within PAF-54 also promote the adsorption of Ag+ and form an AgCl/PAF-54 heterojunction, further accelerating the photocatalytic decomposition of AgCl[38]. As expected, Ag NPs with uniform size (20-25 nm) are uniformly distributed in the prepared composite and exhibit a strong LSPR effect, which greatly improves the visible light utilization of the composite. In addition, the ternary heterojunction formed by Ag NPs, PAF-54 and AgCl effectively hinders the recombination of holes with photogenerated electrons, leading to exceptional photocatalytic performance[39]. Notably, a degradation efficiency (DE) of 94.8% for tetracycline (TC) was achieved within 25 min. This study provides a new perspective for fabricating Ag NP-based catalysts and opens new avenues for designing POP materials to treat organic pollutants.
EXPERIMENTAL
Preparation of PAF-54
As reported in the literature[40], 45 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used to dissolve 829.8 mg of cyanogen chloride (4.5 mmol) (solution 1). Subsequently, solution 1 was gradually added to solution 2, which consisted of 45 mL of DMSO dissolved in 567.5 mg of melamine (4.5 mmol) and 0.6 mL of triethylamine (EtN3). The reaction system is then heated at 150 °C for 24 h under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the resulting egg-white precipitate was filtered and thoroughly washed with excess DMSO, H2O, and EtOH, then dried under vacuum. Finally, the white lumpy solid was ground into powder.
Preparation of photocatalysis
Preparation of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54
First, 50.0 mg of AgNO3 was dissolved in 10.0 mL of deionized water, and 50.0 mg of PAF-54 powder was added and stirred under natural light for one day. The solid product was collected by centrifugation, washed five times with deionized water and dried under vacuum at room temperature to give Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(1:1). When the amount of AgNO3 was 10.0 and 100.0 mg, Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(1:5) and Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(2:1) were obtained, respectively.
Preparation of AgCl/PAF-54
First, 50.0 mg AgNO3 was dissolved in 10.0 mL of deionized water, respectively. Then, 50.0 mg PAF-54 powder was added and stirred for one day in the dark. The solid product was collected by centrifugation, washed five times with deionized water and dried at room temperature under vacuum.
Preparation of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(NaBH4)
In order to compare the superiority of this strategy, Ag NPs were obtained by reduction using NaBH4. This was done as follows: firstly, PAF-54 was added to a stoichiometric AgNO3 solution (consistent with the Ag loading of the above samples, 13.8%), and after adsorption under dark for 24 h, 1.5 mL NaBH4 (3 mM) was added. Then, continue stirring under dark light for 12 h. After washing with deionized water and ethanol three times, collect by centrifugation and dry under vacuum at room temperature for 24 h to obtain Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(NaBH4).
Evaluation of the prepared photocatalysts
Degradation of TC by irradiation with a 300 W Xe lamp with a 420 nm cut filter was used to assess its photocatalytic efficiency. In a type procedure, 10 mg of the prepared samples were put into 50.0 mL of TC aqueous solution (10 mg/L). Before photocatalysis, the solution is stirred in dark light for 30 min to reach adsorption equilibrium. During the reaction, about 1 mL of the suspension was withdrawn from the mixture with a syringe and filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane. To analyze the change in TC concentration, the absorbance of the filtrate at 357 nm was monitored using a UV-visible (vis) spectrophotometer. Intermediates produced during TC degradation were further analyzed on a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) system.
The DE and total organic carbon (TOC) were calculated by
where C0 is the concentration of TC or TOC before degradation; Ct is the concentration of TC or TOC at moment (t).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Characterization of the prepared photocatalyst
First, the successful preparation of the carrier PAF-54 was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Carbon-13 Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C CPMAS NMR) [Supplementary Figure 1]. Through a simple one-step “post-synthesis” strategy, Ag NPs were formed in situ on the PAF. As shown in Figure 1A, the absence of significant diffraction peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern of PAF-54 indicates that PAF-54 is an amorphous network. After loading Ag NPs, three diffraction peaks at 38.1°, 44.3° and 64.1° correspond to Ag0, implying the formation of Ag0[41] and other samples [Supplementary Figure 2]. Besides, diffraction peaks (27.8°, 32.2°, 46.2°, 54.8°, 57.5°, 67.5°, and 74.5°) belonging to AgCl were also clearly observed, which may be attributed to the introduction of elemental Cl during the PAF-54 synthesis. After loading with Ag NPs, the specific surface of the composites decreased rapidly and further diminished with rising AgNO3 dosage, which may be caused by the clogging of Ag NPs in the pores [Figure 1B]. Fortunately, the composites still exhibit a high specific surface area and rich pore structure [Supplementary Figure 3 and Supplementary Table 1], which was beneficial for exposing active sites in the catalytic process and facilitating mass transfer[42]. Moreover, the specific surface of the composites decreased gradually with the increase of AgNO3 dosage.
Figure 1. (A) PXRD pattern of PAF-54, Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(1:1) and Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(Dark); (B) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of the synthesized samples. PXRD: Powder X-ray diffraction; PAF: porous aromatic framework.
To further confirm that Ag NPs are anchored to the PAF-54 carrier, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) for microscopic morphology was conducted. As shown in Figure 2A, Ag NPs with a size of about 20-25 nm were uniformly distributed on the carrier. These NPs exhibited an inter-planar spacing of 0.223 nm, consistent with the spacing of the (1 1 1) lattice plane of the Ag crystal [Figure 2B]. Besides, comparing the total X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra before and after loading, it is obvious that an extra peak feature belongs to Ag [Supplementary Figure 4A]. As shown in the Figure 3A, the Ag 3d XPS spectra of the Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 composites could be fitted into four peaks at 368.36, 369.20, 374.46 and 375.20 eV, which could be corresponded to Ag+ 3d5/2, Ag0 3d5/2, Ag+ 3d3/2, and Ag0 3d3/2, respectively. This further demonstrated the successful introduction of Ag and AgCl components into the PAF-54 carrier. In addition, in the XPS spectra of N 1s [Supplementary Figure 4B and C], the binding energies of C=N-C and N-H were significantly shifted (398.51 → 399.75, 399.80 → 400.05 eV, respectively) after Ag NP loading, indicating strong interactions between the N atoms of PAF-54 and the incorporated metal centers. The high content of N (62.70 wt%) played an important role in the adsorption of Ag+ and limiting and immobilizing the growth of Ag NPs.
Figure 2. TEM of (A) Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(1:1) and (C) Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(Dark). HRTEM of (B) Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(1:1) and (D) Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(Dark). TEM: Transmission electron microscopy; PAF: porous aromatic framework; HRTEM: high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.
Figure 3. Ag 3d of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(1:1) in (A) natural light and (B) dark. Ag 3d of (C) Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 and (D) Ag/AgCl in natural light for 1 h. PAF: Porous aromatic framework.
Analysis of Ag0 formation
Ag0 may be formed by
In order to investigate the mechanism of in-situ reduction of Ag0 in detail, the preparation process was carried out in the dark, and the product was used for comparison. Supplementary Figure 5 shows a notable color difference between the samples prepared in natural light and those prepared in darkness, possibly due to the difference in the number of Ag NPs. The differences between the two samples were further analyzed using PXRD, HRTEM, and XPS. Firstly, as shown in Figure 1A, the diffraction peaks attributed to Ag0 in Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(Dark) are less pronounced than Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(1:1), which may be caused by too little Ag0 content. For the sample obtained under natural light, anchored Ag0 is an absolutely dominant form. However, for Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(Dark), the Ag element primarily exists in the forms of deposited AgCl and adsorbed Ag+ [Figure 3B]. The XPS peaks of Ag 3d of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(Dark) are analyzed. The fitting peaks at 368.66 and 374.67 eV belong to Ag+, and those at 369.22 and 376.35 belong to Ag0. The group of PAF-54 on the surface participated in the redox reaction during the Ag+ adsorption process, and part of the Ag+ was reduced to Ag0. It has been reported in the literature that functional groups containing nitrogen can reduce Ag+[20,37]. In addition, the presence of Ag0 was also observed in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and HRTEM images [Figure 2C and D], so these can fully prove that PAF-54 can reduce Ag0in situ. Moreover, PAF-54 also contributes to the formation of AgCl and its conversion to Ag0. The uniformly distributed Cl element in PAF-54 can accumulate Ag+ and form AgCl NPs. And it is possible to form an AgCl/PAF-54 heterojunction, which can accelerate the photoreduction process of AgCl. The AgCl-to-Ag photoreduction rate of the above AgCl/PAF-54 and pure AgCl was explored to verify this. As shown in Figure 3C and D, after one hour of exposure to natural light, the proportion of Ag0 (56.88%) in the product of AgCl/PAF-54 is significantly higher than that (7.81%) in the product of AgCl, indicating that the presence of PAF-54 indeed favors the conversion of AgCl to Ag. For the PAF-54 carrier, on the one hand, by the strong soft-soft interactions, the N soft donor atoms act as anchoring sites to adsorb Ag+, which can reduce Ag in situ [Equation (2)] and further anchor Ag0. On the other hand, the Cl element in PAF-54 can further promote the adsorption of Ag+, forming an AgCl/PAF-54 heterojunction, which promotes the photoreduction of AgCl to form Ag0 [Equation (3)]. The Ag NPs reduced in situ by the above two paths feature uniform particle size and distribution, and also form a ternary heterojunction with AgCl and
Photocatalytic performances
Type and usage of photocatalysts
The photocatalytic performance of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 was evaluated with TC as the degradation target [Figure 4]. As shown in Supplementary Figure 6A, the adsorption of TC reached equilibrium quickly
Figure 4. (A) Degradation of TC by various photocatalysts under visible light. Effects of (B) catalyst dosage and (C) pH on TC degradation. TC: Tetracycline.
Effect of pH
To evaluate the influence of pH on TC degradation, the solution pH was adapted to 2.5-9.5 for photocatalytic experiments. The PXRD pattern of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(1:1) did not reveal significant changes in this pH range, indicating the strong stability of the photocatalyst at different pH
The photocatalytic degradation of TC by different Ag-base photocatalysts reported in literature
| Catalysts | Concentration (mg/L) | Dosage (g/L) | Time (min) | Removal efficiency | TOC | Ref. |
| Ag/Ag2CO3/BiVO4 | 20 | 1.0 | 150 | 94.9% | N.A. | [43] |
| Ag-g-C3N4 | 20 | 0.5 | 120 | 99.1% | 81.1% | [44] |
| Ag@HNT | 10 | 0.4 | 80 | 95.8% | N.A. | [45] |
| Ag/AgIn5S8 | 10 | 0.3 | 120 | 95.3% | N.A. | [46] |
| BPQDs/Ag/TiO2 | 10 | N.A. | 90 | 92.4% | 71.7% | [47] |
| Ag@MOF-525 | 10 | 0.4 | 200 | 81.0% | N.A. | [48] |
| Ag/AgCl/BiOCl | 20 | 0.375 | 60 | 83.0% | N.A. | [49] |
| Bi2WO6/BiOI/Ag | 20 | 1.0 | 120 | 96.2% | 33.2% | [50] |
| COF TzDa/Ag/AgBr | 10 | 0.4 | 30 | 80.0% | N.A. | [34] |
| PI/TiO2/Ag-0.07 | 5 | N.A. | 120 | 93.1% | N.A. | [51] |
| Ag/Cl-CN | 20 | 0.5 | 120 | 90.2% | 70.2% | [52] |
| Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 | 10 | 0.1 | 30 | 90.0% | 52.7% | This work |
| Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 | 10 | 0.2 | 25 | 94.8% | 60.2% | This work |
Comparison with NaBH4-reduced sample
When the strong reducing agent NaBH4 was used to prepare Ag NPs, the Ag NPs were obtained of inconsistent sizes and prone to agglomeration [Supplementary Figures 9 and 10]. Compared with the composites reduced in situ by PAF-54, the photocatalytic performance was greatly weakened, and the DE could only reach 66.8% within 25 min [Supplementary Figure 11]. This is because the ununiformly distributed Ag NPs diminish the LSPR effect and the exposure of the catalytically active sites and reduce the mass transfer process between TC and Ag. In addition, agglomerated Ag increases the probability of complexation of photogenerated electrons and holes, thus weakening its photocatalytic ability.
Photocatalyst recyclability and universality
In addition, to assess the practical application of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(1:1) for antibiotic degradation in real water samples, photocatalytic tests were performed using pool water, piped water, river water and seawater[53]. The results, as shown in Supplementary Figure 12A, indicate that the different aqueous environments had very little effect on the TC DE. This suggests that the catalyst has great potential for practical application in treating TC-contaminated water. Besides, the photocatalytic degradation efficiencies could reach more than 80% for other TC antibiotics [Supplementary Figure 12B]. The excellent versatility of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(1:1) enables it to handle complex situations in real environments. And its photocatalytic stability was investigated [Supplementary Figure 12C]. No serious deactivation was observed during the three cycles, and there were no significant changes in the FTIR and XRD pattern of the catalysts before and after the reaction [Supplementary Figure 13], confirming its stability. A small decrease in TC removal efficiency could be attributed to the loss of photocatalyst or leaching of Ag0 (1.13%).
Optical and photo-electrochemical properties
The optical properties of the catalyst are an important factor influencing the activity of high-performance photocatalysis. Therefore, the optical properties of the resulting photocatalyst were analyzed by UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Compared to PAF-54, the prepared composite catalysts showed a significant enhancement of visible light absorption [Figure 5A]. This increase was attributed to the LSPR effect of Ag NPs, which effectively enhances the light absorption and reduces the bandgap of the prepared photocatalysts. This optimization enhances the efficiency of solar energy utilization and generates more photogenerated electron-hole pairs, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the photocatalytic process. Additionally, we compared the fluorescence intensities of the materials before and after loading [Figure 5B], and it was clearly found that after loading, the fluorescence intensity of the composites decreased dramatically, which implies that the recombination rate of the photogenerated carriers was reduced. Therefore, it is favorable for producing active substances in the photocatalytic process[54]. In addition, the charge transfer ability of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 was further investigated by evaluating its photocurrent response. As shown in Figure 5C, Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(1:1) exhibits a strong photocurrent, much larger than that of PAF-54. Besides, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to explain the light-induced separation efficiency of e- and h+ carriers. As shown in Supplementary Figure 14, after loading Ag NPs, the impedance of the composite is significantly reduced, indicating that the photogenerated carrier transfer speed at the catalyst interface is increased. On the one hand, introducing Ag NPs with excellent electrical conductivity can act as an electron sink to promote the separation of carriers. On the other hand, the prepared heterojunction accelerates the separation of holes and electrons. Therefore, the photocatalytic ability can be greatly enhanced.
Figure 5. (A) UV-vis diffuse reflection spectra; (B) PL emission spectra; and (C) Transient photocurrent response of PAF-54, Ag/AgCl/PAF-54(1:1). UV: Ultraviolet; PL: photoluminescence; PAF: porous aromatic framework.
Possible photodegradation mechanisms
In the photocatalytic progress, active substances, such as holes (h+), superoxide (•O2-), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), play crucial roles in TC degradation. Therefore, scavenging experiments were performed using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO), and isopropanol (IPA) as h+, •O2-, and •OH scavengers, respectively. As shown in Figure 6A, EDTA had a significant inhibitory effect on TC degradation (94.8 → 7.2%), and with the addition of TEMPO, the DE decreased to 48.8%. Therefore, h+ and •O2- were proved to be the main reactive substances involved in TC degradation. The effect of IPA on the degradation of TC by Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 was negligible. In addition, As shown in Figure 6B and C, no visible free radicals were detected in the dark. As the light exposure period extended, the •O2- signals increased noticeably, suggesting that more free radicals were created during the process. Together with the free radical scavenging experiments, these results suggest that h+ and •O2- play a greater role in TC degradation.
Figure 6. (A) Inhibition of different scavengers on TC degradation; ESR spectra of (B) DMPO-•O2- and (C) PBN-•Cl. TC: Tetracycline; ESR: electron spin resonance; DMPO: 5, 5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide; PBN: N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone.
To further understand the mechanism of photocatalysis, the flat band potential (EFB) of PAF-54 was calculated using the Mott-Schottky diagram, resulting in a value of -0.47 V [vs. Normalized Hydrogen Electrode (NHE)]. In general, the conduction band (ECB) of n-type semiconductors is about 0.1 V more negative than the EFB. Thus, PAF-54 has a CB of -0.57 V (vs. NHE). According to the UV-vis DRS
Figure 7. Mechanism of photodegradation TC on Ag/AgCl/PAF-54. TC: Tetracycline; PAF: porous aromatic framework.
Potential pathways of TC degradation
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was utilized to detect the degradation products of TC to explore the degradation pathways and mechanisms. Additionally, Supplementary Table 2 overviews the structural data, mass spectrometry (MS) spectra, and the primary potential intermediates. Drawing from related reports, we proposed two possible pathways for the photocatalytic degradation of TC by Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 [Figure 8][34]. In pathway 1, the decomposition of TC is mainly induced by hydroxylation. Firstly, TC forms P1 (m/z 461.11) by hydroxylation, which is then further oxidized to P2
Figure 8. Proposed photodecomposition process of TC. TC: Tetracycline.
CONCLUSIONS
To sum up, uniformly distributed and stable Ag NPs anchored in PAF-54 were generated in situ using a simple synthetic method. On the one hand, due to the reducing property of a large number of nitrogen-containing functional groups in PAF-54, adsorbed Ag+ was reduced to Ag0. On the other hand, the Cl element in PAF-54 also promotes the adsorption of Ag+ and the formation of AgCl. PAF-54 may be complex with the attached AgCl to form heterojunctions, which further accelerates the photocatalytic decomposition of AgCl. Due to the well-dispersed and appropriately sized particles of Ag NPs, the photocatalyst exhibits a strong LSPR effect, which enhances the utilization of visible light for the composites. In addition, the formation of ternary heterojunction with PAF-54, Ag and AgCl effectively inhibits the recombination of holes with photogenerated electrons. Therefore, Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 exhibits excellent TC photodegradation performance, enabling rapid and effective TC degradation with a low catalyst dosage. More importantly, this study provides a simple strategy for fabricating Ag-based photocatalysts.
DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Supervised the Project and revised the manuscript: Zhao X, Pan Q
Responsible for data collection, analysis and wrote the original manuscript: Lin Y, Gan L, Che G, Wang S
Availability of data and materials
Experimental details and supporting data can be found in Supplementary Materials.
Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (220MS005), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22361017), the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province, the Specific Research Fund of the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province (YSPTZX202321), and the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of Hainan Province (No. GHYF2022006).
Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2024.
Supplementary Materials
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Lin Y, Gan L, Zhao X, Che G, Wang S, Pan Q. Facile synthesis of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 heterojunction photocatalysts for TC degradation. Chem Synth 2024;4:32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cs.2024.17
AMA Style
Lin Y, Gan L, Zhao X, Che G, Wang S, Pan Q. Facile synthesis of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 heterojunction photocatalysts for TC degradation. Chemical Synthesis. 2024; 4(3): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cs.2024.17
Chicago/Turabian Style
Yonghui Lin, Letian Gan, Xiaojun Zhao, Guang Che, Shicheng Wang, Qinhe Pan. 2024. "Facile synthesis of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 heterojunction photocatalysts for TC degradation" Chemical Synthesis. 4, no.3: 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cs.2024.17
ACS Style
Lin, Y.; Gan L.; Zhao X.; Che G.; Wang S.; Pan Q. Facile synthesis of Ag/AgCl/PAF-54 heterojunction photocatalysts for TC degradation. Chem. Synth. 2024, 4, 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cs.2024.17
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