fig5

Figure 5. Cu-based electrocatalysts with low-index facets for the NtrRR. (A) Surface structures of Cu (111), (100), and (110) (left panel), NtrRR mechanism on Cu (111) (middle), and the ΔG for different facets at different pH (right). Reproduced with permission^[44]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (B) Tandem interaction of Cu (100) and (111) facets (left panel). In situ Cu K-edge XANES and EXAFS spectra of CuO nanosheets under various conditions (right). Reproduced with permission^[45]. Copyright 2023, Wiley Online Library; (C) Graphical depiction of NtrRR intermediate (^*N) adsorption on CuO (111) nanobelts (left panel) and the free energy diagrams illustrating the reaction pathways for NH₃ formation through NtrRR (right). Reproduced with permission^[46]. Copyright 2021, Wiley Online Library. XANES: X-ray absorption near edge structure; EXAFS: extended X-ray absorption fine structure.