fig4

Figure 4. Noble metal electrocatalysts with low-index facets for the NtrRR. (A) NH₃ yield rates and Faraday efficiencies of Pd (111), (110), and (100) facets (left panel). Free energy diagram for NtrRR (middle) and the reaction energies of H₂ formation (right) over Pd (111), (110), and (100) facets. Reproduced with permission^[38]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier; (B) NH₃ yield rates and Faraday efficiencies of Pd catalysts with different shapes (left panel). Adsorption energy of NO₃^- (middle) or NO₂^- (right) at pH = 0 and the activation barrier for converting ^*NO₃ to ^*NO₂ and ^*NO₂ to ^*NO. Reproduced with permission^[39]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (C) Surface configurations of nitrate adsorption on Rh (111), (110), and (100) facets. Reproduced with permission^[40]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier; (D) Diagrammatic representation of the low coordination Rh atoms (left panel) and the NH₃ yield rate of Rh nanoparticles and nanoflowers (right). Reproduced with permission^[41]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society; (E) Schematic illustration of the reversible redox-transitions on Pt surface. Reproduced with permission^[43]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier.