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![Recycling valuable materials from the spent lithium ion batteries to catalysts: methods, applications, and characterization](https://image.oaes.cc/df092ec8-532d-4026-b0bd-55557e43efb0/cs3066.fig.9.jpg)
Figure 9. (A) Schematic diagram of the investigation of oxygen reduction reaction process on Pt(hkl) using SHINERS; (B) The proposed mechanism of oxygen reduction reaction on Pt(hkl) surfaces. Quoted with permission from Dong et al.[77]. SHINERS: Shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.