fig1

Figure 1. Three catalytic methods applied in hydrometallurgy recovery processes. (A) Schematic diagram of photocatalysis-assisted recycling. Quoted with permission from Lv et al.^[33]; (B) Illustration outlining the CEC-leaching strategy. Quoted with permission from Li et al.^[37]; (C) Schematic diagram of alkali metal catalytic carbothermal reduction. Quoted with permission from Zhang et al.^[38]. CEC: Contact-electro-catalysis. UV: ultraviolet; LCO: lithium cobalt oxide.