fig1
![Recycling valuable materials from the spent lithium ion batteries to catalysts: methods, applications, and characterization](https://image.oaes.cc/df092ec8-532d-4026-b0bd-55557e43efb0/cs3066.fig.1.jpg)
Figure 1. Three catalytic methods applied in hydrometallurgy recovery processes. (A) Schematic diagram of photocatalysis-assisted recycling. Quoted with permission from Lv et al.[33]; (B) Illustration outlining the CEC-leaching strategy. Quoted with permission from Li et al.[37]; (C) Schematic diagram of alkali metal catalytic carbothermal reduction. Quoted with permission from Zhang et al.[38]. CEC: Contact-electro-catalysis. UV: ultraviolet; LCO: lithium cobalt oxide.