fig2

Figure 2. (A) Schematic diagram of anti-freezing polySH hydrogel and its network structure; (B) Li⁺ migration mechanism in the polySH electrolyte, where hydrated Li⁺ hopping through SO₃^- sites; (C) Ionic conductivity of polySH, polyHEA, and PVA electrolyte. Reproduced with permission from^[51]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. GmbH; (D) Conductivity of zwitterionic hydrogels with different SBMA contents. Reproduced with permission from^[52]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. SH: SBMA-co-HEA (SBMA: sulfobetaine methacrylate; HEA: 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate); HEA: 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate; PVA: poly (vinyl alcohol); SBMA: sulfobetaine methacrylate.