fig16
![Recent progress of <i>in-situ</i>/operando characterization approaches of zinc-air batteries](https://image.oaes.cc/4927eb0d-4e4d-4334-9f32-27bdff02c8d7/cs3046.fig.16.jpg)
Figure 16. (A) Schematic representation of the full ZAB when under the constant load discharge condition, illustrating the horizontal image orientation. The diameter of the vial is 12 mm[59]; (B) Illustrations of three-electrode system in-situ Raman measurements and multi-point Raman mapping apparatus[60]; (C) Experimental setup of an operando XAS device[62]. XAS: X-ray absorption spectroscopy; ZAB: zinc-air batterie.