fig1

Figure 1. An overview of the dysregulation of ceRNA regulatory network to induce different drug resistance mechanisms (including efflux transporter overexpression, reduced apoptosis, downregulated tumor suppressor, increased angiogenesis, induced autophagy, increased EMT, increased cuproptosis, reduced DNA damage, and immune escape). Representative downstream effectors leading to the different resistance mechanisms are listed in parentheses. RNA molecules could communicate with one another through miRNA and MRE. The expression of one RNA could influence the level and activity of another RNA by sequestering their common miRNA(s). ceRNA: Completing endogenous RNA; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; miRNA: microRNA; MRE: microRNA response element; circRNA: circular RNA; lncRNA: long non-coding RNA.