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Figure 1. Schematic Crosstalk of CAFs and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of lung cancer. CAFs orchestrate the tumor microenvironment, interacting with various cell types within the tumor microenvironment of lung cancer. An example of this immune component is cancer cells, MSCs, activated fibroblasts, monocytes, macrophages, and Tregs. MSCs could differentiate into CAFs and other cell types, supporting the tumor. Activated fibroblasts are involved in remodeling the ECM and promoting tumor invasion. Monocytes can differentiate into macrophages within the tumor microenvironment. Macrophages can have pro-tumorigenic roles, promoting tumor growth and suppressing the immune response. Tregs contribute to the immunosuppressive environment within the tumor, aiding in tumor evasion from the immune system. CAFs: Cancer-associated fibroblasts; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells, Tregs: regulatory T cells; ECM: extracellular matrix.