fig3

Figure 3. Schematic summary of mechanisms underlying resistance to target therapy. PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PDK: phosphoinositide-dependent kinase; AKT(PKB): protein kinase B; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; APC: adenomatous polyposis coli; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MEK: mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase; NK1/2: c-Jun N-terminal kinases; cRaf: family of serine/threonine kinases; Grb: growth factor receptor-bound protein; GF: growth factors; YAP/TAZ: yes-associated protein and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif.