REFERENCES
1. Denk D, Greten FR. Inflammation: the incubator of the tumor microenvironment. Trends Cancer 2022;8:901-14.
2. Libby P, Kobold S. Inflammation: a common contributor to cancer, aging, and cardiovascular diseases-expanding the concept of cardio-oncology. Cardiovasc Res 2019;115:824-9.
3. Rossi JF, Lu ZY, Massart C, Levon K. Dynamic immune/inflammation precision medicine: the good and the bad inflammation in infection and cancer. Front Immunol 2021;12:595722.
4. Hinshaw DC, Shevde LA. The tumor microenvironment innately modulates cancer progression. Cancer Res 2019;79:4557-66.
5. Pramanik A, Bhattacharyya S. Myeloid derived suppressor cells and innate immune system interaction in tumor microenvironment. Life Sci 2022;305:120755.
6. Wang S, Liu G, Li Y, Pan Y. Metabolic reprogramming induces macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022;13:840029.
7. Lu C, Liu Y, Ali NM, Zhang B, Cui X. The role of innate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and research progress in anti-tumor therapy. Front Immunol 2022;13:1039260.
8. Rosales C. Neutrophils at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2020;108:377-96.
9. Delgado-Rizo V, Martínez-Guzmán MA, Iñiguez-Gutierrez L, García-Orozco A, Alvarado-Navarro A, Fafutis-Morris M. Neutrophil extracellular traps and its implications in inflammation: an overview. Front Immunol 2017;8:81.
10. Coffelt SB, Wellenstein MD, de Visser KE. Neutrophils in cancer: neutral no more. Nat Rev Cancer 2016;16:431-46.
11. Colotta F, Re F, Polentarutti N, Sozzani S, Mantovani A. Modulation of granulocyte survival and programmed cell death by cytokines and bacterial products. Blood 1992;80:2012-20.
12. van Raam BJ, Drewniak A, Groenewold V, van den Berg TK, Kuijpers TW. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor delays neutrophil apoptosis by inhibition of calpains upstream of caspase-3. Blood 2008;112:2046-54.
13. Farraye FA, Odze RD, Eaden J, Itzkowitz SH. AGA technical review on the diagnosis and management of colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2010;138:746-74.e4.
14. Itzkowitz SH, Yio X. Inflammation and cancer IV. Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: the role of inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004;287:G7-17.
16. Dancey JT, Deubelbeiss KA, Harker LA, Finch CA. Neutrophil kinetics in man. J Clin Invest 1976;58:705-15.
17. Martin C, Burdon PC, Bridger G, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Williams TJ, Rankin SM. Chemokines acting via CXCR2 and CXCR4 control the release of neutrophils from the bone marrow and their return following senescence. Immunity 2003;19:583-93.
18. Templeton AJ, McNamara MG, Šeruga B, et al. Prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014;106:dju124.
19. Gentles AJ, Newman AM, Liu CL, et al. The prognostic landscape of genes and infiltrating immune cells across human cancers. Nat Med 2015;21:938-45.
20. Cupp MA, Cariolou M, Tzoulaki I, Aune D, Evangelou E, Berlanga-Taylor AJ. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and cancer prognosis: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. BMC Med 2020;18:360.
21. Kao SCH, Pavlakis N, Harvie R, et al. High blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an indicator of poor prognosis in malignant mesothelioma patients undergoing systemic therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16:5805-13.
22. Azab B, Bhatt VR, Phookan J, et al. Usefulness of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting short- and long-term mortality in breast cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2012;19:217-24.
23. Fridlender ZG, Sun J, Kim S, et al. Polarization of tumor-associated neutrophil phenotype by TGF-beta: “N1” versus “N2” TAN. Cancer Cell 2009;16:183-94.
24. Zhu Q, Zhang X, Zhang L, et al. The IL-6-STAT3 axis mediates a reciprocal crosstalk between cancer-derived mesenchymal stem cells and neutrophils to synergistically prompt gastric cancer progression. Cell Death Dis 2014;5:e1295.
25. Zilionis R, Engblom C, Pfirschke C, et al. Single-cell transcriptomics of human and mouse lung cancers reveals conserved myeloid populations across individuals and species. Immunity 2019;50:1317-34.e10.
26. Adrover JM, McDowell SAC, He XY, Quail DF, Egeblad M. NETworking with cancer: the bidirectional interplay between cancer and neutrophil extracellular traps. Cancer Cell 2023;41:505-26.
28. Ulfig A, Leichert LI. The effects of neutrophil-generated hypochlorous acid and other hypohalous acids on host and pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021;78:385-414.
29. Davies MJ. Myeloperoxidase: mechanisms, reactions and inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2021;218:107685.
31. Mollinedo F. Neutrophil degranulation, plasticity, and cancer metastasis. Trends Immunol 2019;40:228-42.
32. Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2013;13:159-75.
33. Cowland JB, Borregaard N. Granulopoiesis and granules of human neutrophils. Immunol Rev 2016;273:11-28.
34. Takei H, Araki A, Watanabe H, Ichinose A, Sendo F. Rapid killing of human neutrophils by the potent activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) accompanied by changes different from typical apoptosis or necrosis. J Leukoc Biol 1996;59:229-40.
35. Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science 2004;303:1532-5.
36. Barnes BJ, Adrover JM, Baxter-Stoltzfus A, et al. Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: neutrophil extracellular traps. J Exp Med 2020;217:e20200652.
37. Fuchs TA, Abed U, Goosmann C, et al. Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps. J Cell Biol 2007;176:231-41.
38. Herre M, Cedervall J, Mackman N, Olsson AK. Neutrophil extracellular traps in the pathology of cancer and other inflammatory diseases. Physiol Rev 2023;103:277-312.
39. Pilsczek FH, Salina D, Poon KKH, et al. A novel mechanism of rapid nuclear neutrophil extracellular trap formation in response to Staphylococcus aureus. J Immunol 2010;185:7413-25.
40. Yousefi S, Mihalache C, Kozlowski E, Schmid I, Simon HU. Viable neutrophils release mitochondrial DNA to form neutrophil extracellular traps. Cell Death Differ 2009;16:1438-44.
42. Hakkim A, Fuchs TA, Martinez NE, et al. Activation of the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway is required for neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Nat Chem Biol 2011;7:75-7.
43. Karacs J, Reithofer M, Kitzmüller C, et al. Adjuvants and vaccines used in allergen-specific immunotherapy induce neutrophil extracellular traps. Vaccines 2021;9:321.
44. Li P, Li M, Lindberg MR, Kennett MJ, Xiong N, Wang Y. PAD4 is essential for antibacterial innate immunity mediated by neutrophil extracellular traps. J Exp Med 2010;207:1853-62.
45. Douda DN, Khan MA, Grasemann H, Palaniyar N. SK3 channel and mitochondrial ROS mediate NADPH oxidase-independent NETosis induced by calcium influx. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015;112:2817-22.
47. Cristinziano L, Modestino L, Antonelli A, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022;79:91-104.
48. Poto R, Cristinziano L, Modestino L, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps, angiogenesis and cancer. Biomedicines 2022;10:431.
49. Schedel F, Mayer-Hain S, Pappelbaum KI, et al. Evidence and impact of neutrophil extracellular traps in malignant melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020;33:63-73.
50. Chan YT, Tan HY, Lu Y, et al. Pancreatic melatonin enhances anti-tumor immunity in pancreatic adenocarcinoma through regulating tumor-associated neutrophils infiltration and NETosis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023;13:1554-67.
51. Zhang R, Sun C, Han Y, et al. Neutrophil autophagy and NETosis in COVID-19: perspectives. Autophagy 2023;19:758-67.
52. Njeim R, Azar WS, Fares AH, Azar ST, Kfoury Kassouf H, Eid AA. NETosis contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. J Mol Endocrinol 2020;65:R65-76.
53. Xiong S, Dong L, Cheng L. Neutrophils in cancer carcinogenesis and metastasis. J Hematol Oncol 2021;14:173.
54. Zhou Y, Tao W, Shen F, Du W, Xu Z, Liu Z. The emerging role of neutrophil extracellular traps in arterial, venous and cancer-associated thrombosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021;8:786387.
55. Mitsis M, Drosou P, Tatsis V, Markopoulos GS. Neutrophil extracellular traps and pancreatic cancer development: a vicious cycle. Cancers 2022;14:3339.
56. Guglietta S, Chiavelli A, Zagato E, et al. Coagulation induced by C3aR-dependent NETosis drives protumorigenic neutrophils during small intestinal tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2016;7:11037.
57. Deryugina EI, Zajac E, Juncker-Jensen A, Kupriyanova TA, Welter L, Quigley JP. Tissue-infiltrating neutrophils constitute the major in vivo source of angiogenesis-inducing MMP-9 in the tumor microenvironment. Neoplasia 2014;16:771-88.
58. Li J, Xia Y, Sun B, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps induced by the hypoxic microenvironment in gastric cancer augment tumour growth. Cell Commun Signal 2023;21:86.
59. Tan DS, Agarwal R, Kaye SB. Mechanisms of transcoelomic metastasis in ovarian cancer. Lancet Oncol 2006;7:925-34.
61. Lee W, Ko SY, Mohamed MS, Kenny HA, Lengyel E, Naora H. Neutrophils facilitate ovarian cancer premetastatic niche formation in the omentum. J Exp Med 2019;216:176-94.
62. Yang LY, Luo Q, Lu L, et al. Increased neutrophil extracellular traps promote metastasis potential of hepatocellular carcinoma via provoking tumorous inflammatory response. J Hematol Oncol 2020;13:3.
63. Yang L, Liu Q, Zhang X, et al. DNA of neutrophil extracellular traps promotes cancer metastasis via CCDC25. Nature 2020;583:133-8.
64. Xiao Y, Cong M, Li J, et al. Cathepsin C promotes breast cancer lung metastasis by modulating neutrophil infiltration and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Cancer Cell 2021;39:423-37.e7.
65. Rayes RF, Vourtzoumis P, Bou Rjeily M, et al. Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated CEACAM1 as a putative therapeutic target to prevent metastatic progression of colon carcinoma. J Immunol 2020;204:2285-94.
66. Ducker TP, Skubitz KM. Subcellular localization of CD66, CD67, and NCA in human neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 1992;52:11-6.
67. Hirao H, Kojima H, Dery KJ, et al. Neutrophil CEACAM1 determines susceptibility to NETosis by regulating the S1PR2/S1PR3 axis in liver transplantation. J Clin Invest 2023;133:e162940.
68. Babaei G, Aziz SG, Jaghi NZZ. EMT, cancer stem cells and autophagy; the three main axes of metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;133:110909.
69. Pastushenko I, Blanpain C. EMT transition states during tumor progression and metastasis. Trends Cell Biol 2019;29:212-26.
70. Morimoto-Kamata R, Yui S. Insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling is responsible for cathepsin G-induced aggregation of breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Cancer Sci 2017;108:1574-83.
71. Padmanaban V, Krol I, Suhail Y, et al. E-cadherin is required for metastasis in multiple models of breast cancer. Nature 2019;573:439-44.
72. Micalizzi DS, Che D, Nicholson BT, et al. Targeting breast and pancreatic cancer metastasis using a dual-cadherin antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022;119:e2209563119.
73. Deryugina E, Carré A, Ardi V, et al. Neutrophil elastase facilitates tumor cell intravasation and early metastatic events. iScience 2020;23:101799.
74. Ramachandran IR, Condamine T, Lin C, et al. Bone marrow PMN-MDSCs and neutrophils are functionally similar in protection of multiple myeloma from chemotherapy. Cancer Lett 2016;371:117-24.
75. Hosseini M, Rezvani HR, Aroua N, et al. Targeting myeloperoxidase disrupts mitochondrial redox balance and overcomes cytarabine resistance in human acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Res 2019;79:5191-203.
76. Mousset A, Lecorgne E, Bourget I, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps formed during chemotherapy confer treatment resistance via TGF-β activation. Cancer Cell 2023;41:757-75.e10.
77. Morimoto-Kamata R, Matsuki S, Ohkura N, Yui S. Cathepsin G-induced cell aggregation of breast cancer MCF-7 decreases doxorubicin sensitivity in a hypoxia-inducible factor-independent mechanism. Biol Pharm Bull 2022;45:1772-83.
78. Kaltenmeier C, Yazdani HO, Morder K, Geller DA, Simmons RL, Tohme S. Neutrophil extracellular traps promote T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021;12:785222.
79. Ortenberg R, Sapoznik S, Zippel D, et al. Serum CEACAM1 elevation correlates with melanoma progression and failure to respond to adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2015;2015:902137.
80. Huang YH, Zhu C, Kondo Y, et al. CEACAM1 regulates TIM-3-mediated tolerance and exhaustion. Nature 2015;517:386-90.
81. Iwakura Y, Ishigame H, Saijo S, Nakae S. Functional specialization of interleukin-17 family members. Immunity 2011;34:149-62.
82. Akbay EA, Koyama S, Liu Y, et al. Interleukin-17A promotes lung tumor progression through neutrophil attraction to tumor sites and mediating resistance to PD-1 blockade. J Thorac Oncol 2017;12:1268-79.
83. Zhang Y, Chandra V, Riquelme Sanchez E, et al. Interleukin-17-induced neutrophil extracellular traps mediate resistance to checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer. J Exp Med 2020;217:e20190354.
84. Teijeira Á, Garasa S, Gato M, et al. CXCR1 and CXCR2 chemokine receptor agonists produced by tumors induce neutrophil extracellular traps that interfere with immune cytotoxicity. Immunity 2020;52:856-71.e8.
85. Shinde-Jadhav S, Mansure JJ, Rayes RF, et al. Role of neutrophil extracellular traps in radiation resistance of invasive bladder cancer. Nat Commun 2021;12:2776.
86. Wisdom AJ, Hong CS, Lin AJ, et al. Neutrophils promote tumor resistance to radiation therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019;116:18584-9.
87. Thålin C, Lundström S, Seignez C, et al. Citrullinated histone H3 as a novel prognostic blood marker in patients with advanced cancer. PLoS One 2018;13:e0191231.
88. Rayes RF, Mouhanna JG, Nicolau I, et al. Primary tumors induce neutrophil extracellular traps with targetable metastasis promoting effects. JCI Insight 2019;5:e128008.
89. Grilz E, Mauracher LM, Posch F, et al. Citrullinated histone H3, a biomarker for neutrophil extracellular trap formation, predicts the risk of mortality in patients with cancer. Br J Haematol 2019;186:311-20.
90. Miller-Ocuin JL, Liang X, Boone BA, et al. DNA released from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) activates pancreatic stellate cells and enhances pancreatic tumor growth. Oncoimmunology 2019;8:e1605822.
91. Yazdani HO, Roy E, Comerci AJ, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps drive mitochondrial homeostasis in tumors to augment growth. Cancer Res 2019;79:5626-39.
92. Qu Z, Han Y, Zhu Q, et al. A novel neutrophil extracellular traps signature for overall survival prediction and tumor microenvironment identification in gastric cancer. J Inflamm Res 2023;16:3419-36.
93. Hosseinnejad A, Ludwig N, Wienkamp AK, et al. DNase I functional microgels for neutrophil extracellular trap disruption. Biomater Sci 2021;10:85-99.
94. Law SM, Gray RD. Neutrophil extracellular traps and the dysfunctional innate immune response of cystic fibrosis lung disease: a review. J Inflamm 2017;14:29.
95. Xia Y, He J, Zhang H, et al. AAV-mediated gene transfer of DNase I in the liver of mice with colorectal cancer reduces liver metastasis and restores local innate and adaptive immune response. Mol Oncol 2020;14:2920-35.
96. Lewis HD, Liddle J, Coote JE, et al. Inhibition of PAD4 activity is sufficient to disrupt mouse and human NET formation. Nat Chem Biol 2015;11:189-91.
97. Jiang ZZ, Peng ZP, Liu XC, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps induce tumor metastasis through dual effects on cancer and endothelial cells. Oncoimmunology 2022;11:2052418.
98. Munir H, Jones JO, Janowitz T, et al. Stromal-driven and amyloid β-dependent induction of neutrophil extracellular traps modulates tumor growth. Nat Commun 2021;12:683.
99. Li M, Lin C, Deng H, et al. A novel peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) inhibitor BMS-P5 blocks formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and delays progression of multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther 2020;19:1530-8.
100. Deng H, Lin C, Garcia-Gerique L, et al. A novel selective inhibitor JBI-589 targets PAD4-mediated neutrophil migration to suppress tumor progression. Cancer Res 2022;82:3561-72.
101. Nie M, Yang L, Bi X, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps induced by IL8 promote diffuse large B-cell lymphoma progression via the TLR9 signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2019;25:1867-79.
102. Yang Y, Ma L, Xu Y, et al. Enalapril overcomes chemoresistance and potentiates antitumor efficacy of 5-FU in colorectal cancer by suppressing proliferation, angiogenesis, and NF-κB/STAT3-regulated proteins. Cell Death Dis 2020;11:477.
103. Korkmaz B, Lamort AS, Domain R, et al. Cathepsin C inhibition as a potential treatment strategy in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021;194:114803.
104. Doyle K, Lönn H, Käck H, et al. Discovery of second generation reversible covalent DPP1 inhibitors leading to an oxazepane amidoacetonitrile based clinical candidate (AZD7986). J Med Chem 2016;59:9457-72.
105. Palmér R, Mäenpää J, Jauhiainen A, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase 1 inhibitor AZD7986 induces a sustained, exposure-dependent reduction in neutrophil elastase activity in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018;104:1155-64.
106. Schott AF, Goldstein LJ, Cristofanilli M, et al. Phase Ib pilot study to evaluate reparixin in combination with weekly paclitaxel in patients with HER-2-negative metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017;23:5358-65.
107. Greene S, Robbins Y, Mydlarz WK, et al. Inhibition of MDSC trafficking with SX-682, a CXCR1/2 inhibitor, enhances NK-cell immunotherapy in head and neck cancer models. Clin Cancer Res 2020;26:1420-31.
108. Sun L, Clavijo PE, Robbins Y, et al. Inhibiting myeloid-derived suppressor cell trafficking enhances T cell immunotherapy. JCI Insight 2019;4:126853.
109. Stevens T, Ekholm K, Gränse M, et al. AZD9668: pharmacological characterization of a novel oral inhibitor of neutrophil elastase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011;339:313-20.
110. Chen J, Hou S, Liang Q, et al. Localized degradation of neutrophil extracellular traps by photoregulated enzyme delivery for cancer immunotherapy and metastasis suppression. ACS Nano 2022;16:2585-97.
111. Yin H, Lu H, Xiong Y, et al. Tumor-associated neutrophil extracellular traps regulating nanocarrier-enhanced inhibition of malignant tumor growth and distant metastasis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021;13:59683-94.
112. Liang H, Du Y, Zhu C, et al. Nanoparticulate cationic poly(amino acid)s block cancer metastases by destructing neutrophil extracellular traps. ACS Nano 2023;17:2868-80.
113. Wang Z, Chen C, Shi C, et al. Cell membrane derived liposomes loaded with DNase I target neutrophil extracellular traps which inhibits colorectal cancer liver metastases. J Control Release 2023;357:620-9.
