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Figure 2. Structures of CAR T cells and ADCs in prostate cancer therapy. (A) Evolution of CAR T cell designs across generations. First-generation CARs only contain the CD3 signaling domain. Second-generation CARs add one costimulatory domain (Costim 1). Third-generation CARs incorporate two costimulatory domains (Costim 1 and 2). Tandem CARs can target two different antigens simultaneously through dual scFv regions. All generations include an extracellular antigen-binding domain (mAb scFv) and TM; (B) Basic structure of ADCs showing monoclonal antibody targets in PCa and associated cytotoxic payload agents connected via a linker. CAR: Chimeric antigen receptor; ADCs: antibody-drug conjugates; scFv: single-chain variable fragments; mAbs: monoclonal antibodies; TM: transmembrane domain; Pca: prostate cancer; PSMA: prostate-specific membrane antigen.