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Figure 4. Crosstalk between cancer-associated endothelial cells and ovarian cancer cells. TGF-β from tumor cells induces EndoMT to transform endothelial cells into CAFs. Hypoxic conditions within the tumor cause the release of hypoxia-induced factors, which promote angiogenesis. Activation of the Akt pathway in endothelial cells causes increased expression of the Jagged1 ligand, which triggers activation of the Notch3 pathway through cell contact, promoting chemoresistance. TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; CAFs: cancer-associated fibroblasts; HIFs: hypoxia-inducible factors; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; EndoMT: endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.