fig2

Figure 2. Common acquired mechanisms of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in RCC. ABC: ATP-binding cassette; IL-6: interleukin-6; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinases; MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; PI3K: phosphoinositide-3-kinase; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; TKIs: tyrosine kinase inhibitors; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.