fig3

Figure 3. In the classical pathway, PRRs recognize PAMPs and DAMPs, initiating the recruitment of ASC and pro-caspase-1. The activation of caspase-1 results in cleavage of GSDMD, forming GSDMD pores that ultimately trigger pyroptosis. Furthermore, caspase-1 also results in the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, which are eventually released from the GSDMD pores. Alternatively, in the non-classical pathway, pyroptosis can be initiated by other members of the GSDM family. CARD: Caspase activation and recruitment domain; DAMPs: damage-associated molecular patterns; GSDMD: gasdermin D; IL: interleukin; PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PRR: pattern recognition receptor; PYD: pyrin domain.