fig1

Figure 1. Schematic representation of major Ca²⁺ signalling proteins. Extracellular Ca²⁺ is transported to the cytoplasm through VGCCs, SOCC (ORAI), and TRP channels. Organelle Ca²⁺ is transported to the cytoplasm through mitochondrial NCLX, IP3R, and RyR. Cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ is removed by NCX, PMCA, SOCC (STIM), SERCA, and MCU. NCLX: Na⁺/Ca²⁺/Li⁺ exchanger; SERCA: sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ ATPase; VGCCs: voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels; SOCE: store-operated Ca²⁺ entry; STIM: stromal interacting molecule; TRP: transient receptor potential; IP3R: inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; NCX: Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger; PMCA: plasma membrane Ca²⁺ ATPase; RyR: ryanodine receptor; VDAC: voltage-dependent anion channel; MCU: mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uniporter; SOCC: store-operated Ca²⁺ channels.