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Figure 1. Activation of PXR by hypoxia. (A) Increased nuclear localization of PXR under hypoxia. LNCaP cells cultured under hypoxic or normoxic conditions for 24 h were processed for evaluation of PXR with mouse anti-PXR antibody and DAPI nuclear staining; (B) The activities of PXR in LNCaP cells cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions for the indicated durations, as measured by luciferase gene reporter assays; (C) The mRNA expression levels of PXR in LNCaP cell lines with stable expression shRNAs against PXR, as evaluated with real-time PCR; (D) PXR activities in LNCaP cells with stable expression shRNAs against PXR in hypoxia, as determined by luciferase assays; (E) Effects of hypoxia on mRNA expression of MDR1 in LNCaP cells with PXR expression knocked down, normalized with the values obtained from normoxic conditions. The results shown were from at least three independent experiments. Error bars represent standard deviation. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, when compared to normoxic controls (B) or vector TRIPZ controls (C, D, E). MDR1: multidrug resistance protein 1; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PXR: pregnane X receptor. DAPI: 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; PCR: polymerase chain reaction.