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Figure 2. Intratumoral mycobiome can facilitate the extracellular secretion of interleukin (IL-) 33 from the nuclear of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, which recruit the pro-tumorigenic immune cells such as T_H2 and ILC2 cells to the tumor microenvironment and thus accelerate PDAC tumor progression. Notably, bacteria species have been shown to be able to enhance the secretion of IL-33, and possibly together with mycobiome, intratumoral microbiome may also exert a role in orchestrating the host immune response and modulating tumor progression. FMRP, fragile X mental retardation protein. (Created with BioRender.com).