fig9

From: Nanocarrier drug resistant tumor interactions: novel approaches to fight drug resistance in cancer

Figure 9. Examples of strategies used to bond more than one bioactive molecule to the CNMs. Covalent bonding of polyethylenimine and aptamers to the surface of PEG-modified CNTs, combined with non-covalent π-π stacking of DOX^[138] (A); covalent bonding of cRGD combined with the loading of DOX into the CNMs’ cavity for selective targeting of cancer cells^[135] (B); combination of covalent and non-covalent binding of a single drug for the controllable release from graphene quantum dots^[167] (C); manganese ferrite grown on the surface of graphene oxide, followed by modification with a radioisotope via electrophilic substitution and π-π stacking of DOX^[143] (D); two anticancer drugs, bonded to the surface of graphene via covalent (Pt) and non-covalent (DOX) interactions for an enhanced anticancer effect^[142] (E)