REFERENCES
1. Fu D, Calvo JA, Samson LD. Balancing repair and tolerance of DNA damage caused by alkylating agents. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:104-20.
2. Ahmad A, Nay SL, O’Connor TR. Direct Reversal Repair in Mammalian Cells. In: Clark Chen, editor. Advances in DNA Repair. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2015. pp. 95-128.
3. Kondo N, Takahashi A, Ono K, Ohnishi T. DNA damage induced by alkylating agents and repair pathways. J Nucleic Acids 2010;2010:543531.
4. Tano K, Shiota S, Collier J, Foote RS, Mitra S. Isolation and structural characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the human DNA repair protein for O6-alkylguanine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:686-90.
5. Hayakawa H, Koike G, Sekiguchi M. Expression and cloning of complementary DNA for a human enzyme that repairs O6-methylguanine in DNA. J Mol Biol 1990;213:739-47.
6. Xu-Welliver M, Pegg AE. Degradation of the alkylated form of the DNA repair protein, O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Carcinogenesis 2002;23:823-30.
7. Lindahl T, Demple B, Robins P. Suicide inactivation of the E. coli O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. EMBO J 1982;1:1359-63.
8. Warren JJ, Forsberg LJ, Beese LS. The structural basis for the mutagenicity of O(6)-methyl-guanine lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:19701-6.
9. Costello JF, Futscher BW, Kroes RA, Pieper RO. Methylation-related chromatin structure is associated with exclusion of transcription factors from and suppressed expression of the O-6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene in human glioma cell lines. Mol Cell Biol 1994;14:6515-21.
10. Costello JF, Futscher BW, Tano K, Graunke DM, Pieper RO. Graded methylation in the promoter and body of the O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene correlates with MGMT expression in human glioma cells. J Biol Chem 1994;269:17228-37.
11. Harris LC, Remack JS, Brent TP. In vitro methylation of the human O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter reduces transcription. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994;1217:141-6.
12. Esteller M, Toyota M, Sanchez-Cespedes M, et al. Inactivation of the DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase by promoter hypermethylation is associated with G to A mutations in K-ras in colorectal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2000;60:2368-71.
13. Qi Z, Tan H. Association between MGMT status and response to alkylating agents in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2020;40:BSR20194127.
14. Mitra S, Kaina B. Regulation of repair of alkylation damage in mammalian genomes. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 1993;44:109-42.
15. Christmann M, Verbeek B, Roos WP, Kaina B. O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in normal tissues and tumors: enzyme activity, promoter methylation and immunohistochemistry. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011;1816:179-90.
16. Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, et al. MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 2005;352:997-1003.
17. Kulke MH, Hornick JL, Frauenhoffer C, et al. O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase deficiency and response to temozolomide-based therapy in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:338-45.
18. Boeckmann L, Nickel AC, Kuschal C, et al. Temozolomide chemoresistance heterogeneity in melanoma with different treatment regimens: DNA damage accumulation contribution. Melanoma Res 2011;21:206-16.
19. Cen L, Carlson BL, Pokorny JL, et al. Efficacy of protracted temozolomide dosing is limited in MGMT unmethylated GBM xenograft models. Neuro Oncol 2013;15:735-46.
20. Fan CH, Liu WL, Cao H, Wen C, Chen L, Jiang G. O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase as a promising target for the treatment of temozolomide-resistant gliomas. Cell Death Dis 2013;4:e876.
21. Bengtsson D, Schrøder HD, Andersen M, et al. Long-term outcome and MGMT as a predictive marker in 24 patients with atypical pituitary adenomas and pituitary carcinomas given treatment with temozolomide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:1689-98.
22. Esteller M, Garcia-Foncillas J, Andion E, et al. Inactivation of the DNA-repair gene MGMT and the clinical response of gliomas to alkylating agents. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1350-4.
23. Middlemas DS, Stewart CF, Kirstein MN, et al. Biochemical correlates of temozolomide sensitivity in pediatric solid tumor xenograft models. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:998-1007.
24. Bruheim S, Bruland OS, Breistol K, Maelandsmo GM, Fodstad O. Human osteosarcoma xenografts and their sensitivity to chemotherapy. Pathol Oncol Res 2004;10:133-41.
25. Pećina-Šlaus N, Kafka A, Salamon I, Bukovac A. Mismatch repair pathway, genome stability and cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2020;7:122.
26. Fishel R, Lescoe MK, Rao MR, et al. The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell 1993;75:1027-38.
27. Leach FS, Nicolaides NC, Papadopoulos N, et al. Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 1993;75:1215-25.
28. Young J, Leggett B, Gustafson C, et al. Genomic instability occurs in colorectal carcinomas but not in adenomas. Hum Mutat 1993;2:351-4.
29. Felsberg J, Thon N, Eigenbrod S, et al. Promoter methylation and expression of MGMT and the DNA mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 in paired primary and recurrent glioblastomas. Int J Cancer 2011;129:659-70.
30. von Bueren AO, Bacolod MD, Hagel C, et al. Mismatch repair deficiency: a temozolomide resistance factor in medulloblastoma cell lines that is uncommon in primary medulloblastoma tumours. Br J Cancer 2012;107:1399-408.
31. Shinsato Y, Furukawa T, Yunoue S, et al. Reduction of MLH1 and PMS2 confers temozolomide resistance and is associated with recurrence of glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2013;4:2261-70.
32. Taverna P, Liu L, Hanson AJ, Monks A, Gerson SL. Characterization of MLH1 and MSH2 DNA mismatch repair proteins in cell lines of the NCI anticancer drug screen. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2000;46:507-16.
33. Helleman J, van Staveren IL, Dinjens WN, et al. Mismatch repair and treatment resistance in ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2006;6:201.
34. Gee ME, Faraahi Z, McCormick A, Edmondson RJ. DNA damage repair in ovarian cancer: unlocking the heterogeneity. J Ovarian Res 2018;11:50.
35. Karran P, Bignami M. Self-destruction and tolerance in resistance of mammalian cells to alkylation damage. Nucleic Acids Res 1992;20:2933-40.
36. Day RS 3rd, Babich MA, Yarosh DB, Scudiero DA. The role of O6-methylguanine in human cell killing, sister chromatid exchange induction and mutagenesis: a review. J Cell Sci Suppl 1987;6:333-53.
37. de Wind N, Dekker M, Berns A, Radman M, te Riele H. Inactivation of the mouse Msh2 gene results in mismatch repair deficiency, methylation tolerance, hyperrecombination, and predisposition to cancer. Cell 1995;82:321-30.
38. Kawate H, Sakumi K, Tsuzuki T, et al. Separation of killing and tumorigenic effects of an alkylating agent in mice defective in two of the DNA repair genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:5116-20.
39. Takagi Y, Takahashi M, Sanada M, Ito R, Yamaizumi M, Sekiguchi M. Roles of MGMT and MLH1 proteins in alkylation-induced apoptosis and mutagenesis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2003;2:1135-46.
40. Duncan T, Trewick SC, Koivisto P, Bates PA, Lindahl T, Sedgwick B. Reversal of DNA alkylation damage by two human dioxygenases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:16660-5.
41. Koivisto P, Robins P, Lindahl T, Sedgwick B. Demethylation of 3-methylthymine in DNA by bacterial and human DNA dioxygenases. J Biol Chem 2004;279:40470-4.
42. Aas PA, Otterlei M, Falnes PO, et al. Human and bacterial oxidative demethylases repair alkylation damage in both RNA and DNA. Nature 2003;421:859-63.
43. Shen L, Song CX, He C, Zhang Y. Mechanism and function of oxidative reversal of DNA and RNA methylation. Annu Rev Biochem 2014;83:585-614.
44. Ciesielski P, Jóźwiak P, Krześlak A. TET proteins and epigenetic modifications in cancers. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online) 2015;69:1371-83.
45. Fedeles BI, Singh V, Delaney JC, Li D, Essigmann JM. The AlkB Family of Fe(II)/alpha-Ketoglutarate-dependent Dioxygenases: Repairing Nucleic Acid Alkylation Damage and Beyond. J Biol Chem 2015;290:20734-42.
46. Guengerich FP. Introduction: Metals in Biology: alpha-Ketoglutarate/Iron-Dependent Dioxygenases. J Biol Chem 2015;290:20700-1.
47. Hashimoto H, Zhang X, Vertino PM, Cheng X. The Mechanisms of Generation, Recognition, and Erasure of DNA 5-Methylcytosine and Thymine Oxidations. J Biol Chem 2015;290:20723-33.
48. Nay SL, Lee DH, Bates SE, O’Connor TR. Alkbh2 protects against lethality and mutation in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. DNA Repair (Amst) 2012;11:502-10.
49. Furrer A, van Loon B. Handling the 3-methylcytosine lesion by six human DNA polymerases members of the B-, X- and Y-families. Nucleic Acids Res 2014;42:553-66.
50. Lee DH, Jin SG, Cai S, Chen Y, Pfeifer GP, O’Connor TR. Repair of methylation damage in DNA and RNA by mammalian AlkB homologues. J Biol Chem 2005;280:39448-59.
51. Pilžys T, Marcinkowski M, Kukwa W, et al. ALKBH overexpression in head and neck cancer: potential target for novel anticancer therapy. Sci Rep 2019;9:13249.
52. Yamato I, Sho M, Shimada K, et al. PCA-1/ALKBH3 contributes to pancreatic cancer by supporting apoptotic resistance and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2012;72:4829-39.
53. Stefansson OA, Hermanowicz S, van der Horst J, et al. CpG promoter methylation of the ALKBH3 alkylation repair gene in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2017;17:469.
54. Johannessen TC, Prestegarden L, Grudic A, Hegi ME, Tysnes BB, Bjerkvig R. The DNA repair protein ALKBH2 mediates temozolomide resistance in human glioblastoma cells. Neuro Oncol 2013;15:269-78.
55. Konishi N, Nakamura M, Ishida E, et al. High expression of a new marker PCA-1 in human prostate carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:5090-7.
56. Liu BQ, Wu YD, Li PH, Wei JX, Zhang T, Liu RL. Prostate cancer antigen-1 as a potential novel marker for prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2007;9:821-6.
57. Wang P, Dong Q, Zhang C, et al. Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 occur frequently in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas and share hypermethylation targets with glioblastomas. Oncogene 2013;32:3091-100.
58. Yang H, Ye D, Guan KL, Xiong Y. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in tumorigenesis: mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:5562-71.
59. Schaap FG, French PJ, Bovée JV. Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase genes IDH1 and IDH2 in tumors. Adv Anat Pathol 2013;20:32-8.
60. Wang P, Wu J, Ma S, et al. Oncometabolite D-2-Hydroxyglutarate Inhibits ALKBH DNA Repair Enzymes and Sensitizes IDH Mutant Cells to Alkylating Agents. Cell Rep 2015;13:2353-61.
61. Tran TQ, Ishak Gabra MB, Lowman XH, et al. Glutamine deficiency induces DNA alkylation damage and sensitizes cancer cells to alkylating agents through inhibition of ALKBH enzymes. PLoS Biol 2017;15:e2002810.
