fig2

Figure 2. Mechanisms of GC resistance in lymphoid malignancies. Schematic representation of the four main mechanisms that contribute to glucocorticoid (GC) resistance in lymphoid tumor cells (see also Table 1). These represent altered: glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression due to alternative splicing and translation initiation (see text) and function; inhibition of apoptosis by deregulated expression of proteins involved in programmed cell death and through interaction with components of the tumor microenvironment that promote survival signaling; activation of signaling pathways that in a direct or indirect manner alter GR-mediated cell death (see text); and modulation of GR-mediated transcription regulation, thereby altering the expression of critical regulators of GC therapy sensitivity