REFERENCES

1. Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA. Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026. Cancer 2017;123:2320-8.

2. Adra N, Einhorn LH. Testicular cancer update. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2017;15:386-96.

3. Giuliano CJ, Freemantle SJ, Spinella MJ. Testicular germ cell tumors: A paradigm for the successful treatment of solid tumor stem cells. Curr Cancer Ther Rev 2006;2:255-70.

4. Allen JC, Kirschner A, Scarpato KR, Morgans AK. Current management of refractory germ cell tumors and future directions. Curr Oncol Rep 2017;19:8.

5. Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Chamness A, Brames MJ, Perkins SM, et al. High-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell rescue for metastatic germ-cell tumors. N Engl J Med 2007;357:340-8.

6. Feldman DR, Sheinfeld J, Bajorin DF, Fischer P, Turkula S, et al. TI-CE high-dose chemotherapy for patients with previously treated germ cell tumors: results and prognostic factor analysis. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1706-13.

7. Oing C, Alsdorf WH, von Amsberg G, Oechsle K, Bokemeyer C. Platinum-refractory germ cell tumors: an update on current treatment options and developments. World J Urol 2017;35:1167-75.

8. Albers P, Albrecht W, Algaba F, Bokemeyer C, Cohn-Cedermark G, et al. Guidelines on testicular cancer: 2015 update. Eur Urol 2015;68:1054-68.

9. Znaor A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A, Bray F. International variations and trends in testicular cancer incidence and mortality. Eur Urol 2014;65:1095-106.

10. Abouassaly R, Fossa SD, Giwercman A, Kollmannsberger C, Motzer RJ, et al. Sequelae of treatment in long-term survivors of testis cancer. Eur Urol 2011;60:516-26.

11. Tandstad T, Kollmannsberger CK, Roth BJ, Jeldres C, Gillessen S, et al. Practice Makes Perfect: The Rest of the Story in Testicular Cancer as a Model Curable Neoplasm. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:3525-28.

12. Schmidtova S, Kalavska K, Kucerova L. Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin chemoresistance and its circumventing in testicular germ cell tumors. Curr Oncol Rep 2018;20:88.

13. Berney DM, Looijenga LH, Idrees M, Oosterhuis JW, Rajpert-De Meyts E, et al. Germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS): evolution of the current nomenclature for testicular pre-invasive germ cell malignancy. Histopathology 2016;69:7-10.

14. Spiller CM, Bowles J. Germ cell neoplasia in situ: The precursor cell for invasive germ cell tumors of the testis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017;86:22-5.

15. Mitchell RT, Camacho-Moll M, Macdonald J, Anderson RA, Kelnar CJ, et al. Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the human testis: heterogeneous protein expression and relation to invasive potential. Mod Pathol 2014;27:1255-66.

16. Kristensen DM, Sonne SB, Ottesen AM, Perrett RM, Nielsen JE, et al. Origin of pluripotent germ cell tumours: the role of microenvironment during embryonic development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008;288:111-8.

17. Spierings DC, de Vries EG, Vellenga E, de Jong S. The attractive Achilles heel of germ cell tumours: an inherent sensitivity to apoptosis-inducing stimuli. J Pathol 2003;200:137-48.

18. Kalavska K, Conteduca V, De Giorgi U, Mego M. Molecular mechanisms of resistance in testicular germ cell tumors - clinical implications. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2018;18:967-78.

19. Litchfield K, Summersgill B, Yost S, Sultana R, Labreche K, et al. Whole-exome sequencing reveals the mutational spectrum of testicular germ cell tumours. Nat Commun 2015;6:5973.

20. Shen H, Shih J, Hollern DP, Wang L, Bowlby R, et al. Integrated molecular characterization of testicular germ cell tumors. Cell Rep 2018;23:3392-406.

21. Bulic-Jakus F, Katusic Bojanac A, Juric-Lekic G, Vlahovic M, Sincic N. Teratoma: from spontaneous tumors to the pluripotency/malignancy assay. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 2016;5:186-209.

22. Andrews PW, Matin MM, Bahrami AR, Damjanov I, Gokhale P, et al. Embryonic stem (ES) cells and embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells: opposite sides of the same coin. Biochem Soc Trans 2005;33:1526-30.

23. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:394-424.

24. Ferguson L, Agoulnik AI. Testicular cancer and cryptorchidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013;4:32.

25. Dieckmann KP, Rube C, Henke RP. Association of Down’s syndrome and testicular cancer. J Urol 1997;157:1701-4.

26. Soto AM, Sonnenschein C. Environmental causes of cancer: endocrine disruptors as carcinogens. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010;6:363-70.

27. Piltoft JS, Larsen SB, Dalton SO, Johansen C, Baker JL, et al. Early life risk factors for testicular cancer: a case-cohort study based on the Copenhagen School Health Records Register. Acta Oncol 2017;56:220-4.

28. Cook MB, Akre O, Forman D, Madigan MP, Richiardi L, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of perinatal variables in relation to the risk of testicular cancer experiences of the son. Int J Epidemiol 2010;39:1605-18.

29. Maule M, Malavassi JL, Richiardi L. Age at puberty and risk of testicular cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Androl 2012;35:828-34.

30. Moller H, Skakkebaek NE. Risk of testicular cancer in subfertile men: case-control study. BMJ 1999;318:559-62.

31. Jacobsen R, Bostofte E, Engholm G, Hansen J, Olsen JH, et al. Risk of testicular cancer in men with abnormal semen characteristics: cohort study. BMJ 2000;321:789-92.

32. Hanson HA, Anderson RE, Aston KI, Carrell DT, Smith KR, et al. Subfertility increases risk of testicular cancer: evidence from population-based semen samples. Fertil Steril 2016;105:322-8.

33. Zequi Sde C, da Costa WH, Santana TB, Favaretto RL, Sacomani CA, et al. Bilateral testicular germ cell tumours: a systematic review. BJU Int 2012;110:1102-9.

34. Sperger JM, Chen X, Draper JS, Antosiewicz JE, Chon CH, et al. Gene expression patterns in human embryonic stem cells and human pluripotent germ cell tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:13350-5.

35. Josephson R, Ording CJ, Liu Y, Shin S, Lakshmipathy U, et al. Qualification of embryonal carcinoma 2102Ep as a reference for human embryonic stem cell research. Stem Cells 2007;25:437-46.

36. Atkin NB, Baker MC. Specific chromosome change, i(12p), in testicular tumours? Lancet 1982;2:1349.

37. Facchini G, Rossetti S, Cavaliere C, D’Aniello C, Di Franco R, et al. Exploring the molecular aspects associated with testicular germ cell tumors: a review. Oncotarget 2018;9:1365-79.

38. Oosterhuis JW, Looijenga LH. Testicular germ-cell tumours in a broader perspective. Nat Rev Cancer 2005;5:210-22.

39. Baker DE, Harrison NJ, Maltby E, Smith K, Moore HD, et al. Adaptation to culture of human embryonic stem cells and oncogenesis in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 2007;25:207-15.

40. FireBrowse portal. Available from https://firebrowse.org/.

41. Skakkebaek NE, Berthelsen JG, Giwercman A, Muller J. Carcinoma-in-situ of the testis: possible origin from gonocytes and precursor of all types of germ cell tumours except spermatocytoma. Int J Androl 1987;10:19-28.

42. Rijlaarsdam MA, Looijenga LH. An oncofetal and developmental perspective on testicular germ cell cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014;29:59-74.

43. Litchfield K, Levy M, Huddart RA, Shipley J, Turnbull C. The genomic landscape of testicular germ cell tumours: from susceptibility to treatment. Nat Rev Urol 2016;13:409-19.

44. Honecker F, Stoop H, de Krijger RR, Chris Lau YF, Bokemeyer C, et al. Pathobiological implications of the expression of markers of testicular carcinoma in situ by fetal germ cells. J Pathol 2004;203:849-57.

45. Batool A, Karimi N, Wu XN, Chen SR, Liu YX. Testicular germ cell tumor: a comprehensive review. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019;76:1713-27.

46. Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Jorgensen N, Carlsen E, Petersen PM, et al. Germ cell cancer and disorders of spermatogenesis: an environmental connection? APMIS 1998;106:3-11.

47. Oosterhuis JW, Stoop H, Honecker F, Looijenga LH. Why human extragonadal germ cell tumours occur in the midline of the body: old concepts, new perspectives. Int J Androl 2007;30:256-63.

48. Pierce JL, Frazier AL, Amatruda JF. Pediatric germ cell tumors: a developmental perspective. Adv Urol 2018;2018:9059382.

49. Kanetsky PA, Mitra N, Vardhanabhuti S, Li M, Vaughn DJ, et al. Common variation in KITLG and at 5q31.3 predisposes to testicular germ cell cancer. Nat Genet 2009;41:811-5.

50. Mintz B, Illmensee K. Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975;72:3585-9.

51. Lobo J, Gillis AJM, Jerónimo C, Henrique R, Looijenga LH. Human germ cell tumors are developmental cancers: Impact of epigenetics on pathobiology and clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:pii: E258.

52. Killian JK, Dorssers LC, Trabert B, Gillis AJ, Cook MB, Oosterhuis JW, Meltzer PS, McGlynn KA, Looijenga LH, et al. Imprints and DPPA3 are bypassed during pluripotency- and differentiation-coupled methylation reprogramming in testicular germ cell tumors. Genome Res 2016;26:1490-504.

53. Rijlaarsdam MA, Tax DM, Gillis AJ, Dorssers LC, Koestler DC, et al. Genome wide DNA methylation profiles provide clues to the origin and pathogenesis of germ cell tumors. PLoS One 2015;10:e0122146.

54. van der Zwan YG, Rijlaarsdam MA, Rossello FJ, Notini AJ, et al. Seminoma and embryonal carcinoma footprints identified by analysis of integrated genome-wide epigenetic and expression profiles of germ cell cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2014;9:e98330.

55. Smiraglia DJ, Szymanska J, Kraggerud SM, Lothe RA, Peltomaki P, et al. Distinct epigenetic phenotypes in seminomatous and nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors. Oncogene 2002;21:3909-16.

56. Pinney SE. Mammalian non-CpG methylation: Stem cells and beyond. Biology (Basel) 2014;3:739-51.

57. Grossniklaus U, Paro R. Transcriptional silencing by polycomb-group proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014;6:a019331.

58. Schuettengruber B, Bourbon HM, Di Croce L, Cavalli G. Genome regulation by polycomb and trithorax: 70 years and counting. Cell 2017;171:34-57.

59. Sashida G, Oshima M, Iwama A. Deregulated Polycomb functions in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Int J Hematol 2019; doi: 10.1007/s12185-019-02600-6.

60. Wang W, Qin JJ, Voruganti S, Nag S, Zhou J, Zhang R. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins and human cancers: Multifaceted Functions and therapeutic implications. Med Res Rev 2015;35:1220-67.

61. Jostes S, Nettersheim D, Schorle H. Epigenetic drugs and their molecular targets in testicular germ cell tumours. Nat Rev Urol 2019;16:245-59.

62. Almstrup K, Nielsen JE, Mlynarska O, Jansen MT, Jorgensen A, et al. Carcinoma in situ testis displays permissive chromatin modifications similar to immature foetal germ cells. Br J Cancer 2010;103:1269-76.

63. Hoang N, Zhang X, Zhang C, Vo V, Leng F, et al. New histone demethylase LSD1 inhibitor selectively targets teratocarcinoma and embryonic carcinoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2018;26:1523-37.

64. Yin F, Lan R, Zhang X, Zhu L, Chen F, et al. LSD1 regulates pluripotency of embryonic stem/carcinoma cells through histone deacetylase 1-mediated deacetylation of histone H4 at lysine 16. Mol Cell Biol 2014;34:158-79.

65. Voorhoeve PM, le Sage C, Schrier M, Gillis AJ, Stoop H, et al. A genetic screen implicates miRNA-372 and miRNA-373 as oncogenes in testicular germ cell tumors. Cell 2006;124:1169-81.

66. Syring I, Bartels J, Holdenrieder S, Kristiansen G, Muller SC, et al. Circulating serum miRNA (miR-367-3p, miR-371a-3p, miR-372-3p and miR-373-3p) as biomarkers in patients with testicular germ cell cancer. J Urol 2015;193:331-7.

67. Dieckmann KP, Radtke A, Geczi L, Matthies C, Anheuser P, et al. Serum levels of microRNA-371a-3p (M371 test) as a new biomarker of testicular germ cell tumors: results of a prospective multicentric study. J Clin Oncol 2019;37:1412-23.

68. International Germ Cell Consensus Classification: a prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers. International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:594-603.

69. Rick O, Bokemeyer C, Beyer J, Hartmann JT, Schwella N, et al. Salvage treatment with paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin plus high-dose carboplatin, etoposide, and thiotepa followed by autologous stem-cell rescue in patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:81-8.

70. Galluzzi L, Senovilla L, Vitale I, Michels J, Martins I, et al. Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin resistance. Oncogene 2012;31:1869-83.

71. Fenske AE, Glaesener S, Bokemeyer C, Thomale J, Dahm-Daphi J, et al. Cisplatin resistance induced in germ cell tumour cells is due to reduced susceptibility towards cell death but not to altered DNA damage induction or repair. Cancer Lett 2012;324:171-8.

72. Safaei R, Howell SB. Copper transporters regulate the cellular pharmacology and sensitivity to Pt drugs. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005;53:13-23.

73. Sark MW, Timmer-Bosscha H, Meijer C, Uges DR, Sluiter WJ, et al. Cellular basis for differential sensitivity to cisplatin in human germ cell tumour and colon carcinoma cell lines. Br J Cancer 1995;71:684-90.

74. Masters JR, Thomas R, Hall AG, Hogarth L, Matheson EC, et al. Sensitivity of testis tumour cells to chemotherapeutic drugs: role of detoxifying pathways. Eur J Cancer 1996;32A:1248-53.

75. Mayer F, Stoop H, Scheffer GL, Scheper R, Oosterhuis JW, et al. Molecular determinants of treatment response in human germ cell tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:767-73.

76. Pera MF, Friedlos F, Mills J, Roberts JJ. Inherent sensitivity of cultured human embryonal carcinoma cells to adducts of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) on DNA. Cancer Res 1987;47:6810-3.

77. Bedford P, Fichtinger-Schepman AM, Shellard SA, Walker MC, Masters JR, et al. Differential repair of platinum-DNA adducts in human bladder and testicular tumor continuous cell lines. Cancer Res 1988;48:3019-24.

78. Hill BT, Scanlon KJ, Hansson J, Harstrick A, Pera M, et al. Deficient repair of cisplatin-DNA adducts identified in human testicular teratoma cell lines established from tumours from untreated patients. Eur J Cancer 1994;30A:832-7.

79. Wood RD, Araujo SJ, Ariza RR, Batty DP, Biggerstaff M, et al. DNA damage recognition and nucleotide excision repair in mammalian cells. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2000;65:173-82.

80. Shuck SC, Short EA, Turchi JJ. Eukaryotic nucleotide excision repair: from understanding mechanisms to influencing biology. Cell Res 2008;18:64-72.

81. Awuah SG, Riddell IA, Lippard SJ. Repair shielding of platinum-DNA lesions in testicular germ cell tumors by high-mobility group box protein 4 imparts cisplatin hypersensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017;114:950-5.

82. Kartalou M, Essigmann JM. Recognition of cisplatin adducts by cellular proteins. Mutat Res 2001;478:1-21.

83. Jung Y, Lippard SJ. Direct cellular responses to platinum-induced DNA damage. Chem Rev 2007;107:1387-407.

84. Yamada M, O’Regan E, Brown R, Karran P. Selective recognition of a cisplatin-DNA adduct by human mismatch repair proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 1997;25:491-6.

85. Shu X, Xiong X, Song J, He C, Yi C. Base-Resolution Analysis of Cisplatin-DNA Adducts at the Genome Scale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016;55:14246-9.

86. Bloom JC, Loehr AR, Schimenti JC, Weiss RS. Germline genome protection: implications for gamete quality and germ cell tumorigenesis. Andrology 2019; doi: 10.1111/andr.12651.

87. Honecker F, Wermann H, Mayer F, Gillis AJ, Stoop H, et al. Microsatellite instability, mismatch repair deficiency, and BRAF mutation in treatment-resistant germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:2129-36.

88. Rudolph C, Melau C, Nielsen JE, Vile Jensen K, et al. Involvement of the DNA mismatch repair system in cisplatin sensitivity of testicular germ cell tumours. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2017;40:341-55.

89. Mayer F, Gillis AJ, Dinjens W, Oosterhuis JW, Bokemeyer C, et al. Microsatellite instability of germ cell tumors is associated with resistance to systemic treatment. Cancer Res 2002;62:2758-60.

90. Velasco A, Riquelme E, Schultz M, Wistuba II, Villarroel L, et al. Microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity have distinct prognostic value for testicular germ cell tumor recurrence. Cancer Biol Ther 2004;3:1152-8.

91. Mego M, Cierna Z, Svetlovska D, Macak D, Machalekova K, Miskovska V, Chovanec M, Usakova V, Obertova J, Babal P, Mardiak J. PARP expression in germ cell tumours. J Clin Pathol 2013;66:607-12.

92. Cavallo F, Graziani G, Antinozzi C, Feldman DR, Houldsworth J, et al. Reduced proficiency in homologous recombination underlies the high sensitivity of embryonal carcinoma testicular germ cell tumors to Cisplatin and poly (adp-ribose) polymerase inhibition. PLoS One 2012;7:e51563.

93. Kersemaekers AM, Mayer F, Molier M, van Weeren PC, Oosterhuis JW, et al. Role of P53 and MDM2 in treatment response of human germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1551-61.

94. Kerley-Hamilton JS, Pike AM, Li N, DiRenzo J, Spinella MJ. A p53-dominant transcriptional response to cisplatin in testicular germ cell tumor-derived human embryonal carcinoma. Oncogene 2005;24:6090-100.

95. Gutekunst M, Oren M, Weilbacher A, Dengler MA, Markwardt C, et al. p53 hypersensitivity is the predominant mechanism of the unique responsiveness of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) cells to cisplatin. PLoS One 2011;6:e19198.

96. Romano FJ, Rossetti S, Conteduca V, Schepisi G, Cavaliere C, et al. Role of DNA repair machinery and p53 in the testicular germ cell cancer: a review. Oncotarget 2016;7:85641-9.

97. Duale N, Lindeman B, Komada M, Olsen AK, Andreassen A, et al. Molecular portrait of cisplatin induced response in human testis cancer cell lines based on gene expression profiles. Mol Cancer 2007;6:53.

98. Bagrodia A, Lee BH, Lee W, Cha EK, Sfakianos JP, et al. Genetic determinants of cisplatin resistance in patients with advanced germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:4000-7.

99. Taylor-Weiner A, Zack T, O’Donnell E, Guerriero JL, Bernard B, et al. Genomic evolution and chemoresistance in germ-cell tumours. Nature 2016;540:114-8.

100. Koster R, Timmer-Bosscha H, Bischoff R, Gietema JA, de Jong S. Disruption of the MDM2-p53 interaction strongly potentiates p53-dependent apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant human testicular carcinoma cells via the Fas/FasL pathway. Cell Death Dis 2011;2:e148.

101. Grande L, Bretones G, Rosa-Garrido M, Garrido-Martin EM, Hernandez T, et al. Transcription factors Sp1 and p73 control the expression of the proapoptotic protein NOXA in the response of testicular embryonal carcinoma cells to cisplatin. J Biol Chem 2012;287:26495-505.

102. Beyer U, Moll-Rocek J, Moll UM, Dobbelstein M. Endogenous retrovirus drives hitherto unknown proapoptotic p63 isoforms in the male germ line of humans and great apes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:3624-9.

103. Noel EE, Yeste-Velasco M, Mao X, Perry J, Kudahetti SC, et al. The association of CCND1 overexpression and cisplatin resistance in testicular germ cell tumors and other cancers. Am J Pathol 2010;176:2607-15.

104. Selfe J, Goddard NC, McIntyre A, Taylor KR, Renshaw J, et al. IGF1R signalling in testicular germ cell tumour cells impacts on cell survival and acquired cisplatin resistance. J Pathol 2018;244:242-53.

105. Di Vizio D, Cito L, Boccia A, Chieffi P, Insabato L, et al. Loss of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN marks the transition from intratubular germ cell neoplasias (ITGCN) to invasive germ cell tumors. Oncogene 2005;24:1882-94.

106. Koster R, di Pietro A, Timmer-Bosscha H, Gibcus JH, van den Berg A, et al. Cytoplasmic p21 expression levels determine cisplatin resistance in human testicular cancer. J Clin Invest 2010;120:3594-605.

107. Juliachs M, Munoz C, Moutinho CA, Vidal A, Condom E, et al. The PDGFRbeta-AKT pathway contributes to CDDP-acquired resistance in testicular germ cell tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2014;20:658-67.

108. Feldman DR, Iyer G, Van Alstine L, Patil S, Al-Ahmadie H, et al. Presence of somatic mutations within PIK3CA, AKT, RAS, and FGFR3 but not BRAF in cisplatin-resistant germ cell tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2014;20:3712-20.

109. Castillo-Avila W, Piulats JM, Garcia Del Muro X, Vidal A, Condom E, et al. Sunitinib inhibits tumor growth and synergizes with cisplatin in orthotopic models of cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant human testicular germ cell tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:3384-95.

110. Juliachs M, Vidal A, Del Muro XG, Piulats JM, Condom E, et al. Effectivity of pazopanib treatment in orthotopic models of human testicular germ cell tumors. BMC Cancer 2013;13:382.

111. Mego M, Svetlovska D, Miskovska V, Obertova J, Palacka P, et al. Phase II study of everolimus in refractory testicular germ cell tumors. Urol Oncol 2016;34:122 e17-22.

112. Mueller T, Mueller LP, Holzhausen HJ, Witthuhn R, Albers P, et al. Histological evidence for the existence of germ cell tumor cells showing embryonal carcinoma morphology but lacking OCT4 expression and cisplatin sensitivity. Histochem Cell Biol 2010;134:197-204.

113. Mueller T, Mueller LP, Luetzkendorf J, Voigt W, Simon H, et al. Loss of Oct-3/4 expression in embryonal carcinoma cells is associated with induction of cisplatin resistance. Tumour Biol 2006;27:71-83.

114. Snow GE, Kasper AC, Busch AM, Schwarz E, Ewings KE, et al. Wnt pathway reprogramming during human embryonal carcinoma differentiation and potential for therapeutic targeting. BMC Cancer 2009;9:383.

115. Timmer-Bosscha H, de Vries EG, Meijer C, Oosterhuis JW, Mulder NH. Differential effects of all-trans-retinoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and hexadecylphosphocholine on cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in a cisplantin-sensitive and resistant human embryonal carcinoma cell line. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1998;41:469-76.

116. Honecker F, Rohlfing T, Harder S, Braig M, Gillis AJ, Balabanov S, et al. Proteome analysis of the effects of all-trans retinoic acid on human germ cell tumor cell lines. J Proteomics 2014;96:300-13.

117. Wu YC, Ling TY, Lu SH, Kuo HC, Ho HN, Yeh SD, Shen CN, Huang YH. Chemotherapeutic sensitivity of testicular germ cell tumors under hypoxic conditions is negatively regulated by SENP1-controlled sumoylation of OCT4. Cancer Res 2012;72:4963-73.

118. Abada PB, Howell SB. Cisplatin induces resistance by triggering differentiation of testicular embryonal carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014;9:e87444.

119. Gutekunst M, Mueller T, Weilbacher A, Dengler MA, Bedke J, et al. Cisplatin hypersensitivity of testicular germ cell tumors is determined by high constitutive Noxa levels mediated by Oct-4. Cancer Res 2013;73:1460-9.

120. Koster R, de Jong S. Lessons learned from testicular cancer: identification of cytoplasmic p21 as an Achilles’ heel of cisplatin resistance. Cell Cycle 2010;9:4776-7.

121. Buljubašić R, Buljubašić M, Bojanac AK, Ulamec M, Vlahović M, et al. Epigenetics and testicular germ cell tumors. Gene 2018;661:22-33.

122. Sonnenburg D, Spinella MJ, Albany C. Epigenetic Targeting of Platinum Resistant Testicular Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2016;16:789-95.

123. Koul S, McKiernan JM, Narayan G, Houldsworth J, Bacik J, et al. Role of promoter hypermethylation in cisplatin treatment response of male germ cell tumors. Mol Cancer 2004;3:16.

124. Wermann H, Stoop H, Gillis AJ, Honecker F, van Gurp RJ, et al. Global DNA methylation in fetal human germ cells and germ cell tumours: association with differentiation and cisplatin resistance. J Pathol 2010;221:433-42.

125. Martinelli CMDS, Lengert AVH, Cárcano FM, Silva ECA, Brait M, et al. MGMT and CALCA promoter methylation are associated with poor prognosis intesticular germ cell tumor patients. Oncotarget 2016;8:50608-17.

126. Beyrouthy MJ, Garner KM, Hever MP, Freemantle SJ, Eastman A, et al. High DNA methyltransferase 3B expression mediates 5-aza-deoxycytidine hypersensitivity in testicular germ cell tumors. Cancer Res 2009;69:9360-6.

127. Biswal BK, Beyrouthy MJ, Hever-Jardine MP, Armstrong D, Tomlinson CR, et al. Acute hypersensitivity of pluripotent testicular cancer-derived embryonal carcinoma to low-dose 5-aza deoxycytidine is associated with global DNA Damage-associated p53 activation, anti-pluripotency and DNA demethylation. PLoS One 2012;7:e53003.

128. Albany C, Hever-Jardine MP, von Herrmann KM, Yim CY, Tam J, et al. Refractory testicular germ cell tumors are highly sensitive to the second generation DNA methylation inhibitor guadecitabine. Oncotarget 2017;8:2949-59.

129. Wongtrakoongate P, Li J, Andrews PW. Aza-deoxycytidine induces apoptosis or differentiation via DNMT3B and targets embryonal carcinoma cells but not their differentiated derivatives. Br J Cancer 2014;110:2131-8.

130. Oing C, Verem I, Mansour WY, Bokemeyer C, Dyshlovoy S, et al. F. 5-azacitidine exerts prolonged pro-apoptotic effects and overcomes cisplatin-resistance in non-seminomatous germ cell tumor cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018;20:pii: E21.

132. Singh R, Fazal Z, Corbet AK, Bikorimana E, Rodriguez JC, et al. Epigenetic remodeling through downregulation of polycomb repressive complex 2 mediates chemotherapy resistance in testicular germ cell tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2019;11:pii: E796.

132. Brinkman AB, Gu H, Bartels SJ, Zhang Y, Matarese F, et al. Sequential ChIP-bisulfite sequencing enables direct genome-scale investigation of chromatin and DNA methylation cross-talk. Genome Res 2012;22:1128-38.

133. Saksouk N, Barth TK, Ziegler-Birling C, Olova N, Nowak A, et al. Redundant mechanisms to form silent chromatin at pericentromeric regions rely on BEND3 and DNA methylation. Mol Cell 2014;56:580-94.

134. van Mierlo G, Dirks RAM, De Clerck L, Brinkman AB, Huth M, et al. Integrative Proteomic Profiling Reveals PRC2-Dependent Epigenetic Crosstalk Maintains Ground-State Pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2019;24:123-37e8.

135. Momeny M, Eyvani H, Barghi F, Ghaffari SH, Javadikooshesh S, et al. Inhibition of bromodomain and extraterminal domain reduces growth and invasive characteristics of chemoresistant ovarian carcinoma cells. Anticancer Drugs 2018;29:1011-20.

136. Zanellato I, Colangelo D, Osella D. JQ1, a BET inhibitor, synergizes with cisplatin and induces apoptosis in highly chemoresistant malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2018;18:816-28.

137. Jostes S, Nettersheim D, Fellermeyer M, Schneider S, Hafezi F, et al. The bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 triggers growth arrest and apoptosis in testicular germ cell tumours in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Mol Med 2017;21:1300-14.

Cancer Drug Resistance
ISSN 2578-532X (Online)

Portico

All published articles will preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles will preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/