REFERENCES
1. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 2015;136:E359-86.
2. Rivenbark AG, O’Connor SM, Coleman WB. Molecular and cellular heterogeneity in breast cancer: challenges for personalized medicine. Am J Pathol 2013;183:1113-24.
3. Anderson WF, Rosenberg PS, Prat A, Perou CM, Sherman ME, et al. How many etiological subtypes of breast cancer: two, three, four, or more? J Natl Cancer Inst 2014;106.
4. Anderson WF, Luo S, Chatterjee N, Rosenberg PS, Matsuno RK, et al. Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 and estrogen receptor expression, a demonstration project using the residual tissue repository of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009;113:189-96.
5. Davies C, Pan H, Godwin J, Gray R, Arriagada R, et al. Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years after diagnosis of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: ATLAS, a randomised trial. Lancet 2013;381:805-16.
7. Duffy MJ, O’Donovan N, McDermott E, Crown J. Validated biomarkers: The key to precision treatment in patients with breast cancer. Breast 2016;29:192-201.
8. Harris LN, Ismaila N, McShane LM, Andre F, Collyar DE, et al. Use of Biomarkers to Guide Decisions on Adjuvant Systemic Therapy for Women With Early-Stage Invasive Breast Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:1134-50.
9. Nicolini A, Ferrari P, Duffy MJ. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in breast cancer: Past, present and future. Semin Cancer Biol 2018;52:56-73.
10. Martelotto LG, Ng CK, Piscuoglio S, Weigelt B, Reis-Filho JS, et al. Breast cancer intra-tumor heterogeneity. Breast Cancer Res 2014;16:210.
11. Zhang M, Tsimelzon A, Chang CH, Fan C, Wolff A, et al. Intratumoral heterogeneity in a Trp53-null mouse model of human breast cancer. Cancer Discov 2015;5:520-33.
12. Diehl F, Li M, Dressman D, He Y, Shen D, et al. Detection and quantification of mutations in the plasma of patients with colorectal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:16368-73.
13. Beaver JA, Jelovac D, Balukrishna S, Cochran R, Croessmann S, et al. Detection of cancer DNA in plasma of patients with early-stage breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014;20:2643-50.
15. Coombes RC, Page K, Salari R, Hastings RK, Armstrong AC, et al. Personalized detection of circulating tumor DNA antedates breast cancer metastatic recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 2019; doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-3663.
16. Boukouris S, Mathivanan S. Exosomes in bodily fluids are a highly stable resource of disease biomarkers. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015;9:358-67.
18. Esquela-Kerscher A, Slack FJ. Oncomirs - microRNAs with a role in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2006;6:259-69.
19. Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB, Bartel DP. Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome Res 2009;19:92-105.
20. Valadi H, Ekstrom K, Bossios A, Sjostrand M, Lee JJ, et al. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol 2007;9:654-9.
21. Mulrane L, McGee SF, Gallagher WM, O’Connor DP. miRNA dysregulation in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2013;73:6554-62.
22. Schwarzenbach H. Circulating nucleic acids as biomarkers in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2013;15:211.
23. Cortez MA, Welsh JW, Calin GA. Circulating microRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers in breast cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res 2012;195:151-61.
24. Teoh SL, Das S. The Role of MicroRNAs in Diagnosis, Prognosis, Metastasis and Resistant Cases in Breast Cancer. Curr Pharm De 2017;23:1845-59.
25. Arroyo JD, Chevillet JR, Kroh EM, Ruf IK, Pritchard CC, et al. Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:5003-8.
26. Gallo A, Tandon M, Alevizos I, Illei GG. The majority of microRNAs detectable in serum and saliva is concentrated in exosomes. PLoS One 2012;7:e30679.
27. Eichelser C, Stuckrath I, Muller V, Milde-Langosch K, Wikman H, et al. Increased serum levels of circulating exosomal microRNA-373 in receptor-negative breast cancer patients. Oncotarget 2014;5:9650-63.
28. Thery C, Zitvogel L, Amigorena S. Exosomes: composition, biogenesis and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2002;2:569-79.
29. Stoorvogel W, Kleijmeer MJ, Geuze HJ, Raposo G. The biogenesis and functions of exosomes. Traffic 2002;3:321-30.
30. Skog J, Wurdinger T, van Rijn S, Meijer DH, Gainche L, et al. Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers. Nat Cell Biol 2008;10:1470-6.
31. Hessvik NP, Sandvig K, Llorente A. Exosomal miRNAs as Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer. Front Genet 2013;4:36.
32. Ogata-Kawata H, Izumiya M, Kurioka D, Honma Y, Yamada Y, et al. Circulating exosomal microRNAs as biomarkers of colon cancer. PLoS One 2014;9:e92921.
33. Rabinowits G, Gercel-Taylor C, Day JM, Taylor DD, Kloecker GH. Exosomal microRNA: a diagnostic marker for lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2009;10:42-6.
34. Tavoosidana G, Ronquist G, Darmanis S, Yan J, Carlsson L, et al. Multiple recognition assay reveals prostasomes as promising plasma biomarkers for prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:8809-14.
35. Hannafon BN, Trigoso YD, Calloway CL, Zhao YD, Lum DH, et al. Plasma exosome microRNAs are indicative of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2016;18:90.
36. Li M, Zhou Y, Xia T, Zhou X, Huang Z, et al. Circulating microRNAs from the miR-106a-363 cluster on chromosome X as novel diagnostic biomarkers for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018;170:257-70.
37. Stevic I, Muller V, Weber K, Fasching PA, Karn T, et al. Specific microRNA signatures in exosomes of triple-negative and HER2-positive breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy within the GeparSixto trial. BMC Med 2018;16:179.
38. Yoshikawa M, Iinuma H, Umemoto Y, Yanagisawa T, Matsumoto A, et al. Exosome-encapsulated microRNA-223-3p as a minimally invasive biomarker for the early detection of invasive breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2018;15:9584-92.
39. Ni Q, Stevic I, Pan C, Muller V, Oliviera-Ferrer L, et al. Different signatures of miR-16, miR-30b and miR-93 in exosomes from breast cancer and DCIS patients. Sci Rep 2018;8:12974.
40. Tormo E, Adam-Artigues A, Ballester S, Pineda B, Zazo S, et al. The role of miR-26a and miR-30b in HER2+ breast cancer trastuzumab resistance and regulation of the CCNE2 gene. Sci Rep 2017;7:41309.
41. Ichikawa T, Sato F, Terasawa K, Tsuchiya S, Toi M, et al. Trastuzumab produces therapeutic actions by upregulating miR-26a and miR-30b in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2012;7:e31422.
42. Sueta A, Yamamoto Y, Tomiguchi M, Takeshita T, Yamamoto-Ibusuki M, et al. Differential expression of exosomal miRNAs between breast cancer patients with and without recurrence. Oncotarget 2017;8:69934-44.
43. Le MT, Hamar P, Guo C, Basar E, Perdigao-Henriques R, et al. miR-200-containing extracellular vesicles promote breast cancer cell metastasis. J Clin Invest 2014;124:5109-28.
44. Kia V, Paryan M, Mortazavi Y, Biglari A, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S, et al. Evaluation of exosomal miR-9 and miR-155 targeting PTEN and DUSP14 in highly metastatic breast cancer and their effect on low metastatic cells. J Cell Biochem 2019;120:5666-76.
45. Zhou W, Fong MY, Min Y, Somlo G, Liu L, et al. Cancer-secreted miR-105 destroys vascular endothelial barriers to promote metastasis. Cancer Cell 2014;25:501-15.
46. Di Modica M, Regondi V, Sandri M, Iorio MV, Zanetti A, et al. Breast cancer-secreted miR-939 downregulates VE-cadherin and destroys the barrier function of endothelial monolayers. Cancer Lett 2017;384:94-100.
47. Tominaga N, Kosaka N, Ono M, Katsuda T, Yoshioka Y, et al. Brain metastatic cancer cells release microRNA-181c-containing extracellular vesicles capable of destructing blood-brain barrier. Nat Commun 2015;6:6716.
48. Zhang L, Zhang S, Yao J, Lowery FJ, Zhang Q, et al. Microenvironment-induced PTEN loss by exosomal microRNA primes brain metastasis outgrowth. Nature 2015;527:100-4.
49. Singh R, Pochampally R, Watabe K, Lu Z, Mo YY, et al. Exosome-mediated transfer of miR-10b promotes cell invasion in breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2014;13:256.
50. Rameshwar P. Breast cancer cell dormancy in bone marrow: potential therapeutic targets within the marrow microenvironment. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010;10:129-32.
51. Ono M, Kosaka N, Tominaga N, Yoshioka Y, Takeshita F, et al. Exosomes from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells contain a microRNA that promotes dormancy in metastatic breast cancer cells. Sci Signal 2014;7:ra63.
52. Lim PK, Bliss SA, Patel SA, Taborga M, Dave MA, et al. Gap junction-mediated import of microRNA from bone marrow stromal cells can elicit cell cycle quiescence in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2011;71:1550-60.
53. Bliss SA, Sinha G, Sandiford OA, Williams LM, Engelberth DJ, et al. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Stimulate Cycling Quiescence and Early Breast Cancer Dormancy in Bone Marrow. Cancer Res 2016;76:5832-44.
54. Yang M, Chen J, Su F, Yu B, Su F, et al. Microvesicles secreted by macrophages shuttle invasion-potentiating microRNAs into breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2011;10:117.
55. Donnarumma E, Fiore D, Nappa M, Roscigno G, Adamo A, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts release exosomal microRNAs that dictate an aggressive phenotype in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017;8:19592-608.
56. Rottiers V, Naar AM. MicroRNAs in metabolism and metabolic disorders. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012;13:239-50.
57. Fong MY, Zhou W, Liu L, Alontaga AY, Chandra M, et al. Breast-cancer-secreted miR-122 reprograms glucose metabolism in premetastatic niche to promote metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 2015;17:183-94.
58. Hannafon BN, Carpenter KJ, Berry WL, Janknecht R, Dooley WC, et al. Exosome-mediated microRNA signaling from breast cancer cells is altered by the anti-angiogenesis agent docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Mol Cancer 2015;14:133.
59. Muluhngwi P, Klinge CM. Identification of miRNAs as biomarkers for acquired endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017;456:76-86.
60. Wei Y, Lai X, Yu S, Chen S, Ma Y, et al. Exosomal miR-221/222 enhances tamoxifen resistance in recipient ER-positive breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014;147:423-31.
61. Miller TE, Ghoshal K, Ramaswamy B, Roy S, Datta J, et al. MicroRNA-221/222 confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer by targeting p27Kip1. J Biol Chem 2008;283:29897-903.
62. Fujii T, Le Du F, Xiao L, Kogawa T, Barcenas CH, et al. Effectiveness of an Adjuvant Chemotherapy Regimen for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 2015;1:1311-8.
63. Karagiannis GS, Pastoriza JM, Wang Y, Harney AS, Entenberg D, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy induces breast cancer metastasis through a TMEM-mediated mechanism. Sci Transl Med 2017;9:pii: eaan0026.
64. Shi W, Gerster K, Alajez NM, Tsang J, Waldron L, et al. MicroRNA-301 mediates proliferation and invasion in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2011;71:2926-37.
65. Ma F, Zhang J, Zhong L, Wang L, Liu Y, et al. Upregulated microRNA-301a in breast cancer promotes tumor metastasis by targeting PTEN and activating Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Gene 2014;535:191-7.
66. Lettlova S, Brynychova V, Blecha J, Vrana D, Vondrusova M, et al. MiR-301a-3p Suppresses Estrogen Signaling by Directly Inhibiting ESR1 in ERalpha Positive Breast Cancer. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018;46:2601-15.
67. Li XJ, Ren ZJ, Tang JH, Yu Q. Exosomal MicroRNA MiR-1246 Promotes Cell Proliferation, Invasion and Drug Resistance by Targeting CCNG2 in Breast Cancer. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017;44:1741-8.
68. Chen WX, Liu XM, Lv MM, Chen L, Zhao JH, et al. Exosomes from drug-resistant breast cancer cells transmit chemoresistance by a horizontal transfer of microRNAs. PLoS One 2014;9:e95240.
69. Yu DD, Wu Y, Zhang XH, Lv MM, Chen WX, et al. Exosomes from adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cells transmit drug resistance partly by delivering miR-222. Tumour Biol 2016;37:3227-35.
70. Zhong S, Chen X, Wang D, Zhang X, Shen H, et al. MicroRNA expression profiles of drug-resistance breast cancer cells and their exosomes. Oncotarget 2016;7:19601-9.
71. Chen WX, Xu LY, Qian Q, He X, Peng WT, et al. Analysis of miRNA signature differentially expressed in exosomes from adriamycin-resistant and parental human breast cancer cells. Biosci Rep 2018;38:pii: BSR20181090.
72. Ozawa PMM, Alkhilaiwi F, Cavalli IJ, Malheiros D, de Souza Fonseca Ribeiro EM, et al. Extracellular vesicles from triple-negative breast cancer cells promote proliferation and drug resistance in non-tumorigenic breast cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018;172:713-23.
73. Santos JC, Lima NDS, Sarian LO, Matheu A, Ribeiro ML, et al. Exosome-mediated breast cancer chemoresistance via miR-155 transfer. Sci Rep 2018;8:829.
74. Yin Q, McBride J, Fewell C, Lacey M, Wang X, et al. MicroRNA-155 is an Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene that modulates Epstein-Barr virus-regulated gene expression pathways. J Virol 2008;82:5295-306.
75. Xiao B, Liu Z, Li BS, Tang B, Li W, et al. Induction of microRNA-155 during Helicobacter pylori infection and its negative regulatory role in the inflammatory response. J Infect Dis 2009;200:916-25.
76. Xie S, Chen H, Li F, Wang S, Guo J, et al. Hypoxia-induced microRNA-155 promotes fibrosis in proximal tubule cells. Mol Med Rep 2015;11:4555-60.
77. O’Brien K, Lowry MC, Corcoran C, Martinez VG, Daly M, et al. miR-134 in extracellular vesicles reduces triple-negative breast cancer aggression and increases drug sensitivity. Oncotarget 2015;6:32774-89.
78. Bovy N, Blomme B, Freres P, Dederen S, Nivelles O, et al. Endothelial exosomes contribute to the antitumor response during breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy via microRNA transfer. Oncotarget 2015;6:10253-66.
79. Meng Y, Sun J, Wang X, Hu T, Ma Y, et al. Exosomes: A Promising Avenue for the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019;18:1533033818821421.
80. Hu Z, Dong J, Wang LE, Ma H, Liu J, et al. Serum microRNA profiling and breast cancer risk: the use of miR-484/191 as endogenous controls. Carcinogenesis 2012;33:828-34.
81. Bertoli G, Cava C, Castiglioni I. MicroRNAs: New Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis, Therapy Prediction and Therapeutic Tools for Breast Cancer. Theranostics 2015;5:1122-43.
82. Martin EC, Conger AK, Yan TJ, Hoang VT, Miller DF, et al. MicroRNA-335-5p and -3p synergize to inhibit estrogen receptor alpha expression and promote tamoxifen resistance. FEBS Lett 2017;591:382-92.
