fig2
Figure 2. Signal transduction pathways differentially regulated by E2 and tamoxifen in tamoxifen-resistant model. E2 and tamoxifen (TAM) exert differential functions on nuclear estrogen receptor α (ERα). E2 activates classical ER-target genes but TAM acts to block gene activation. Both E2 and TAM increase the non-genomic activity of ERα through membrane-associated molecules such as extracellular matrix (ECM), c-Src, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to enhance downstream signaling cascades, leading to acquired resistance[32]
