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Figure 1. (A) Hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. As identified and showcased on the left side, eight key characterized hallmarks have been uncovered through extensive research in genetics, biochemistry, and clinical studies. These hallmarks encompass pathological protein aggregation, synaptic and neuronal network dysfunction, aberrant proteostasis, cytoskeletal abnormalities, altered energy homeostasis, DNA and RNA defects, inflammation, and neuronal cell death. Over decades, researchers have unearthed genetic factors and biochemical pathways linked to these diseases, fostering a deeper comprehension of their underlying mechanisms; (B) The neurodegenerative diseases’ hallmarks and their distribution within a recapitulative presentation. As visually depicted on the right side, there are the distinctive hallmarks and precise locations of neurodegenerative diseases. Each hallmark is numbered and showcased within the modeled neuron and/or supportive astrocyte and microglia.