fig1

Figure 1. Illustration of amyloid cascade hypothesis and targets of anti-amyloid-β (Aβ) therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. This figure illustrates the mechanism of action of the main Aβ-targeted therapies based on the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Blue circles indicate the targets of active and passive immunotherapies. Red circles indicate the targets of Aβ aggregation inhibitors. Aβ: amyloid-β; AICD: amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain; APP: amyloid precursor protein; BACE: β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme; C99: a 99-residue C-terminal fragment; sAPPβ: soluble amyloid precursor protein-β.