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Figure 1. Exercise ameliorates Alzheimer’s pathologies and cognition decline through epigenetic mechanisms. DNA and histone modifications and non-coding RNA profile alterations induced by various adverse environmental factors may result in elevated Aβ production, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and consequently participates in the cognitive decline and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast, regular physical exercise can ameliorate these negative impacts caused by an aversive environment also through epigenetic mechanisms, thereafter directly or indirectly improving cognitive function and rescuing Alzheimer’s pathologies.