fig3
From: Oxidative stress-mediated inflammation promotes the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Figure 3. The significantly increased HNE lipid peroxides as well as oxidative stress could drive the activation of peripheral monocytes/macrophages enhancing the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In turn, pro-inflammatory cytokines promote the production of free radicals and the synthesis of HNE. This vicious circle promotes the motor neuronal cell death in ALS including ferroptosis. IL-1β: Interleukine-1β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; GSH: glutathione; MDA: malondialdehyde; HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
