REFERENCES
1. Singal AG, Kanwal F, Llovet JM. Global trends in hepatocellular carcinoma epidemiology: implications for screening, prevention and therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023;20:864-84.
2. Cao M, Fan J, Lu L, et al. Long term outcome of prevention of liver cancer by hepatitis B vaccine: results from an RCT with 37 years. Cancer Lett 2022;536:215652.
3. Chiang CJ, Yang YW, You SL, Lai MS, Chen CJ. Thirty-year outcomes of the national hepatitis B immunization program in Taiwan. JAMA 2013;310:974-6.
4. Qu C, Chen T, Fan C, et al. Efficacy of neonatal HBV vaccination on liver cancer and other liver diseases over 30-year follow-up of the Qidong hepatitis B intervention study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 2014;11:e1001774.
5. Sun Z, Chen T, Thorgeirsson SS, et al. Dramatic reduction of liver cancer incidence in young adults: 28 year follow-up of etiological interventions in an endemic area of China. Carcinogenesis 2013;34:1800-5.
6. Tseng CH, Tseng CM, Wu JL, Hsu YC, El-Serag HB. Magnitude of and prediction for risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B taking entecavir or tenofovir therapy: a systematic review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;35:1684-93.
7. Lockart I, Yeo MGH, Hajarizadeh B, Dore GJ, Danta M. HCC incidence after hepatitis C cure among patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 2022;76:139-54.
8. Zhang W, Xiang YB, Li HL, et al. Vegetable-based dietary pattern and liver cancer risk: results from the Shanghai women’s and men’s health studies. Cancer Sci 2013;104:1353-61.
9. Shen QM, Tuo JY, Li ZY, et al. Sex-specific impact of dietary patterns on liver cancer incidence: updated results from two population-based cohort studies in China. Eur J Nutr 2024;63:1113-24.
10. Zhao S, Breivik K, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. Modeling the time-variant dietary exposure of PCBs in China over the period 1930 to 2100. Environ Sci Technol 2018;52:7371-9.
11. Eslam M, Sanyal AJ, George J; International Consensus Panel. MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2020;158:1999-2014.e1.
12. Makarova-Rusher OV, Altekruse SF, McNeel TS, et al. Population attributable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer 2016;122:1757-65.
13. Vitale A, Svegliati-Baroni G, Ortolani A, et al; Italian Liver Cancer (ITA.LI.CA) group. Epidemiological trends and trajectories of MAFLD-associated hepatocellular carcinoma 2002-2033: the ITA.LI.CA database. Gut 2023;72:141-52.
14. Crane H, Eslick GD, Gofton C, et al. Global prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Mol Hepatol 2024;30:436-48.
15. George J, Lau G, Kawaguchi T, et al. Furthering research on MAFLD: the APASL Metabolic fAtty lIver DiseasE coNsortium (MAIDEN). Hepatol Int 2023;17:546-9.
16. Lin J, Zhang H, Yu H, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of primary liver cancer in mainland China from 2003 to 2020: a representative multicenter study. Front Oncol 2022;12:906778.
17. Tang X, Shi Y, Du J, et al. Clinical outcome of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an 11-year follow-up study. BMJ Open 2022;12:e054891.
18. Seeger C, Mason WS. Molecular biology of hepatitis B virus infection. Virology 2015;479-80:672-86.
19. Polaris Observatory Collaborators. Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023;8:879-907.
21. Lamontagne RJ, Bagga S, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B virus molecular biology and pathogenesis. Hepatoma Res 2016;2:163-86.
22. Yan H, Zhong G, Xu G, et al. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus. eLife 2012;1:e00049.
23. Königer C, Wingert I, Marsmann M, Rösler C, Beck J, Nassal M. Involvement of the host DNA-repair enzyme TDP2 in formation of the covalently closed circular DNA persistence reservoir of hepatitis B viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014;111:E4244-53.
24. Qi Y, Gao Z, Xu G, et al. DNA polymerase κ is a key cellular factor for the formation of covalently closed circular DNA of hepatitis B virus. PLoS Pathog 2016;12:e1005893.
25. Huovila AP, Eder AM, Fuller SD. Hepatitis B surface antigen assembles in a post-ER, pre-Golgi compartment. J Cell Biol 1992;118:1305-20.
26. Bruss V, Ganem D. The role of envelope proteins in hepatitis B virus assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:1059-63.
27. Liu L, Li H, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Cao Z. Hepatitis B virus infection combined with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: interaction and prognosis. Heliyon 2023;9:e13113.
28. Joo EJ, Chang Y, Yeom JS, Ryu S. Hepatitis B virus infection and decreased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cohort study. Hepatology 2017;65:828-35.
29. Hu D, Wang H, Wang H, et al. Non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis attenuates hepatitis B virus replication in an HBV-immunocompetent mouse model. Hepatol Int 2018;12:438-46.
30. Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 2005;129:113-21.
31. Yang HI, Lu SN, Liaw YF, et al; Taiwan Community-Based Cancer Screening Project Group. Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2002;347:168-74.
32. Wang MM, Wang GS, Shen F, Chen GY, Pan Q, Fan JG. Hepatic steatosis is highly prevalent in hepatitis B patients and negatively associated with virological factors. Dig Dis Sci 2014;59:2571-9.
33. Zheng Q, Zou B, Wu Y, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: prevalence of hepatic steatosis, fibrosis and associated factors in chronic hepatitis B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021;54:1100-9.
34. Cheng YM, Hsieh TH, Wang CC, Kao JH. Impact of HBV infection on clinical outcomes in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. JHEP Rep 2023;5:100836.
35. Mak LY, Hui RW, Fung J, et al. Reduced hepatic steatosis is associated with higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepatol Int 2021;15:901-11.
36. Choe JW, Hyun JJ, Kim B, Han KD. Influence of metabolic syndrome on cancer risk in HBV carriers: a nationwide population based study using the national health insurance service database. J Clin Med 2021;10:2401.
37. Huang SC, Su TH, Tseng TC, et al. Distinct effects of hepatic steatosis and metabolic dysfunction on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int 2023;17:1139-49.
38. Yu MW, Lin CL, Liu CJ, Yang SH, Tseng YL, Wu CF. Influence of metabolic risk factors on risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death in men with chronic hepatitis B: a large cohort study. Gastroenterology 2017;153:1006-17.e5.
39. Pollicino T, Squadrito G, Cerenzia G, et al. Hepatitis B virus maintains its pro-oncogenic properties in the case of occult HBV infection. Gastroenterology 2004;126:102-10.
40. Pollicino T, Cacciola I, Saffioti F, Raimondo G. Hepatitis B virus PreS/S gene variants: pathobiology and clinical implications. J Hepatol 2014;61:408-17.
41. Pollicino T, Amaddeo G, Restuccia A, et al. Impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS/S genomic variability on HBV surface antigen and HBV DNA serum levels. Hepatology 2012;56:434-43.
42. Raimondo G, Locarnini S, Pollicino T, Levrero M, Zoulim F, Lok AS; Taormina Workshop on Occult HBV Infection Faculty Members. Update of the statements on biology and clinical impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2019;71:397-408.
43. Xu L, Wei Y, Chen T, et al. Occult HBV infection in anti-HBs-positive young adults after neonatal HB vaccination. Vaccine 2010;28:5986-92.
44. Chaudhuri V, Tayal R, Nayak B, Acharya SK, Panda SK. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in chronic liver disease: full-length genome and analysis of mutant surface promoter. Gastroenterology 2004;127:1356-71.
45. Candotti D, Lin CK, Belkhiri D, et al. Occult hepatitis B infection in blood donors from South East Asia: molecular characterisation and potential mechanisms of occurrence. Gut 2012;61:1744-53.
46. Huang FY, Wong DK, Seto WK, et al. Sequence variations of full-length hepatitis B virus genomes in Chinese patients with HBsAg-negative hepatitis B infection. PLoS One 2014;9:e99028.
47. Loomba R, Liang TJ. Hepatitis B reactivation associated with immune suppressive and biological modifier therapies: current concepts, management strategies, and future directions. Gastroenterology 2017;152:1297-309.
48. Liu Y, Zeng W, Xi J, et al. Over-gap PCR amplification to identify presence of replication-competent HBV DNA from integrated HBV DNA: an updated occult HBV infection definition. J Hepatol 2019;70:557-9.
49. Liang X, Cui F, Hadler S, et al. Origins, design and implementation of the China GAVI project. Vaccine 2013;31:J8-14.
50. Wang FZ, Zhang GM, Shen LP, et al. [Comparative analyze on hepatitis B seroepidemiological surveys among population aged 1-29 years in different epidemic regions of China in 1992 and 2014]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017;51:462-8.
51. Ni YH, Huang LM, Chang MH, et al. Two decades of universal hepatitis B vaccination in taiwan: impact and implication for future strategies. Gastroenterology 2007;132:1287-93.
52. Wang Y, Chen T, Lu LL, et al. Adolescent booster with hepatitis B virus vaccines decreases HBV infection in high-risk adults. Vaccine 2017;35:1064-70.
53. Yang YT, Huang AL, Zhao Y. The prevalence of hepatitis B core antibody in vaccinated Chinese children: a hospital-based study. Vaccine 2019;37:458-63.
54. Hsu HY, Chang MH, Ni YH, et al. Chronologic changes in serum hepatitis B virus DNA, genotypes, surface antigen mutants and reverse transcriptase mutants during 25-year nationwide immunization in Taiwan. J Viral Hepat 2017;24:645-53.
55. Mu SC, Lin YM, Jow GM, Chen BF. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in hepatitis B vaccinated children in Taiwan. J Hepatol 2009;50:264-72.
56. Yan YP, Su HX, Ji ZH, Shao ZJ, Pu ZS. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in china: current status and challenges. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2014;2:15-22.
57. Wang R, Liu C, Chen T, et al. Neonatal hepatitis B vaccination protects mature adults from occult virus infection. Hepatol Int 2021;15:328-37.
58. Qu C, Duan Z, Chen K, Zou H. Reducing liver cancer risk beginning at birth: experiences of preventing chronic hepatitis B virus infection in China. HR 2017;3:228-40.
59. Romanò L, Carsetti R, Tozzi AE, Mele A, Zanetti AR. Chronic hepatitis B infection in adolescents vaccinated at birth: an alarm bell in favor of the need for a booster? Hepatology 2014;59:349.
60. Shi Y, Wu YH, Wu W, Zhang WJ, Yang J, Chen Z. Association between occult hepatitis B infection and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Liver Int 2012;32:231-40.
61. Wong DK, Huang FY, Lai CL, et al. Occult hepatitis B infection and HBV replicative activity in patients with cryptogenic cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2011;54:829-36.
62. Carman WF, Zanetti AR, Karayiannis P, et al. Vaccine-induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 1990;336:325-9.
63. Fortuin M, Karthigesu V, Allison L, et al. Breakthrough infections and identification of a viral variant in Gambian children immunized with hepatitis B vaccine. J Infect Dis 1994;169:1374-6.
64. Zhu CL, Liu P, Chen T, et al. Presence of immune memory and immunity to hepatitis B virus in adults after neonatal hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine 2011;29:7835-41.
65. Liu C, Chen K, Zhao F, et al. Occult infection with hepatitis B virus PreS variants synergistically promotes hepatocellular carcinoma development in a high-fat diet context by generating abnormal ceramides. BMC Med 2022;20:279.
66. Lemmer IL, Willemsen N, Hilal N, Bartelt A. A guide to understanding endoplasmic reticulum stress in metabolic disorders. Mol Metab 2021;47:101169.
67. Turpin-Nolan SM, Brüning JC. The role of ceramides in metabolic disorders: when size and localization matters. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020;16:224-33.
68. Vesselinovitch SD, Mihailovich N. Kinetics of diethylnitrosamine hepatocarcinogenesis in the infant mouse. Cancer Res 1983;43:4253-9.
69. Zang M, Li Y, He H, et al. IL-23 production of liver inflammatory macrophages to damaged hepatocytes promotes hepatocellular carcinoma development after chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018;1864:3759-70.
71. Colotta F, Allavena P, Sica A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability. Carcinogenesis 2009;30:1073-81.
72. Mridha AR, Wree A, Robertson AAB, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome blockade reduces liver inflammation and fibrosis in experimental NASH in mice. J Hepatol 2017;66:1037-46.
74. El-Serag HB, Tran T, Everhart JE. Diabetes increases the risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004;126:460-8.
75. Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, et al; International Agency for Research on Cancer Handbook Working Group. Body fatness and cancer - viewpoint of the IARC working group. N Engl J Med 2016;375:794-8.
76. Paradis V, Zalinski S, Chelbi E, et al. Hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with metabolic syndrome often develop without significant liver fibrosis: a pathological analysis. Hepatology 2009;49:851-9.
77. Yasui K, Hashimoto E, Komorizono Y, et al; Japan NASH Study Group, Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan. Characteristics of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis who develop hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:428-33.
78. Hagström H, Tynelius P, Rasmussen F. High BMI in late adolescence predicts future severe liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: a national, population-based cohort study in 1.2 million men. Gut 2018;67:1536-42.
79. Chan AWH, Wong GLH, Chan HY, et al. Concurrent fatty liver increases risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;32:667-76.
80. El-Serag HB, Kanwal F. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: where are we? Where do we go? Hepatology 2014;60:1767-75.
81. El-Serag HB. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2012;142:1264-73.e1.
82. Wu YL, Peng XE, Zhu YB, Yan XL, Chen WN, Lin X. Hepatitis B virus x protein induces hepatic steatosis by enhancing the expression of liver fatty acid binding protein. J Virol 2016;90:1729-40.
83. Kulik L, El-Serag HB. Epidemiology and management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2019;156:477-91.e1.
84. Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int 2017;11:317-70.
