fig1

Advancing immunotherapy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: exploring the tumor immune microenvironment and innovative treatments

Figure 1. Biological principles of tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. NKs: Natural killers; MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; TAMs: tumor-associated macrophages; TANs: tumor-associated neutrophils; Treg: regulatory T cell; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; DCs: dendritic cells; ACT: adoptive cell therapy; CAFs: cancer-associated fibroblasts; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β.

Hepatoma Research
ISSN 2454-2520 (Online) 2394-5079 (Print)

Portico

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Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/