fig1

Figure 1. Regulatory roles of HIF1 in the expression of genes associated with glycolysis in CCA. HIF1, especially a subunit HIF1-α, is a master regulatory protein that upregulates many genes encoding the enzymes and transporters that play roles in glucose metabolism, such as GLUT1, HK2, PFK1, PKM2, and GFAT. Glc: Glucose; G-6-P: glucose-6-phosphate; F-6-P: fructose-6-phosphate; F1,6BP: fructose-1,6,-bisphosphate; PEP: phosphoenolpyruvate; G6PD: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; PPP: pentose phosphate pathway; HBP: hexosamine biosynthetic pathway; HIF1: hypoxia-inducible factor 1; CCA: cholangiocarcinoma; GLUT1: glucose transporter 1; HK2: hexokinase II; PFK1: phosphofructokinase 1; PKM2: pyruvate kinase isoform M2; LDHA: lactate dehydrogenase A; GFAT: glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase.