fig1

Figure 1. The image represents the anatomical classification of CCA into iCCA and eCCA, further divided into pCCA and dCCA subtypes^[7]. Additionally, the image illustrates the different gross patterns observed in intrahepatic CCA, including mass-forming, intraductal, and periductal patterns^[14]. The surrounding circle highlights the main risk factors associated with cholangiocarcinoma, which are common to all CCA types but may have a more typical cause for each subtype. These risk factors are categorized into three groups: light blue indicates the primary risk factors for extrahepatic CCA, light green signifies the main risk factors for intrahepatic CCA, and yellow represents the shared risk factors between the two types of CCA^[6,29]. IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; PSC: primary sclerosing cholangitis; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases; eCCA: extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; iCCA: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; pCCA: perihilar cholangiocarcinoma; dCCA: distal cholangiocarcinoma.