REFERENCES
1. Robinson MW, Harmon C, O'Farrelly C. Liver immunology and its role in inflammation and homeostasis. Cell Mol Immunol 2016;13:267-76.
3. Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al. IMbrave150 Investigators. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1894-905.
4. Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: the 2022 update. J Hepatol 2022;76:681-93.
5. Abou-Alfa GK, Lau G, Kudo M, et al. Tremelimumab plus durvalumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. NEJM Evid 2022;1:EVIDoa2100070.
6. Llovet JM, De Baere T, Kulik L, et al. Locoregional therapies in the era of molecular and immune treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;18:293-313.
7. NCCN: hepatocellular carcinoma. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/hcc.pdf [Last accessed on 26 Apr 2024].
8. Abdalla EK, Denys A, Hasegawa K, et al. Treatment of large and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:979-85.
9. Truty MJ, Vauthey JN. Surgical resection of high-risk hepatocellular carcinoma: patient selection, preoperative considerations, and operative technique. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:1219-25.
10. Vauthey JN, Lauwers GY, Esnaola NF, et al. Simplified staging for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1527-36.
11. Kokudo N, Takemura N, Hasegawa K, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma: the Japan society of hepatology 2017 (4th JSH-HCC guidelines) 2019 update. Hepatol Res 2019;49:1109-13.
12. Franzin R, Netti GS, Spadaccino F, et al. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology and the occurrence of AKI: where do we stand? Front Immunol 2020;11:574271.
13. Gao Y, Ouyang Z, Yang C, et al. Overcoming T cell exhaustion via immune checkpoint modulation with a dendrimer-based hybrid nanocomplex. Adv Healthc Mater 2021;10:e2100833.
14. Lisovska N. Multilevel mechanism of immune checkpoint inhibitor action in solid tumors: history, present issues and future development. Oncol Lett 2022;23:190.
15. Ganesh K, Stadler ZK, Cercek A, et al. Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: rationale, challenges and potential. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;16:361-75.
16. Rotte A. Combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockers for treatment of cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019;38:255.
17. Wu Y, Guo Y, Huang A, Zheng P, Liu Y. CTLA-4-B7 interaction is sufficient to costimulate T cell clonal expansion. J Exp Med 1997;185:1327-35.
18. Onuma AE, Zhang H, Huang H, Williams TM, Noonan A, Tsung A. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular cancer: current understanding on mechanisms of resistance and biomarkers of response to treatment. Gene Expr 2020;20:53-65.
19. Kassel R, Cruise MW, Iezzoni JC, Taylor NA, Pruett TL, Hahn YS. Chronically inflamed livers up-regulate expression of inhibitory B7 family members. Hepatology 2009;50:1625-37.
20. Wang BJ, Bao JJ, Wang JZ, et al. Immunostaining of PD-1/PD-Ls in liver tissues of patients with hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:3322-9.
21. Kaseb AO, Hasanov E, Cao HST, et al. Perioperative nivolumab monotherapy versus nivolumab plus ipilimumab in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;7:208-18.
22. D'alessio A, Pai M, Spalding D, et al. Preliminary results from a phase Ib study of neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab prior to liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: the PRIME-HCC trial. JCO 2022;40:4093.
23. Marron TU, Fiel MI, Hamon P, et al. Neoadjuvant cemiplimab for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;7:219-29.
24. Xia Y, Tang W, Qian X, et al. Efficacy and safety of camrelizumab plus apatinib during the perioperative period in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, open label, phase II clinical trial. J Immunother Cancer 2022;10:e004656.
25. Zhang B, Shi X, Cui K, et al. Real-world practice of conversion surgery for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma - a single center data of 26 consecutive patients. BMC Cancer 2023;23:465.
26. Tomonari T, Tani J, Sato Y, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of conversion therapy in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023;15:5221.
27. Zhu XD, Huang C, Shen YH, et al. Downstaging and resection of initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with tyrosine kinase inhibitor and anti-PD-1 ANTIBODY COMbinations. Liver Cancer 2021;10:320-9.
28. Zhang W, Hu B, Han J, et al. Surgery after conversion therapy with PD-1 Inhibitors plus tyrosine kinase inhibitors are effective and safe for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a pilot study of ten patients. Front Oncol 2021;11:747950.
29. Ho WJ, Zhu Q, Durham J, et al. Neoadjuvant cabozantinib and nivolumab convert locally advanced HCC into resectable disease with enhanced antitumor immunity. Nat Cancer 2021;2:891-903.
30. Xu XF, Xing H, Han J, et al. Risk factors, patterns, and outcomes of late recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter study from China. JAMA Surg 2019;154:209-17.
31. Hack SP, Spahn J, Chen M, et al. IMbrave 050: a phase III trial of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in high-risk hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection or ablation. Future Oncol 2020;16:975-89.
32. Chow P, Chen M, Cheng A, et al. Abstract CT003: IMbrave050: phase 3 study of adjuvant atezolizumab + bevacizumab versus active surveillance in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at high risk of disease recurrence following resection or ablation. Cancer Res 2023;83:CT003.
33. Hiroishi K, Eguchi J, Baba T, et al. Strong CD8(+) T-cell responses against tumor-associated antigens prolong the recurrence-free interval after tumor treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2010;45:451-8.
34. Nobuoka D, Motomura Y, Shirakawa H, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma induces glypican-3 peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Int J Oncol 2012;40:63-70.
35. Hansler J, Wissniowski TT, Schuppan D, et al. Activation and dramatically increased cytolytic activity of tumor specific T lymphocytes after radio-frequency ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal liver metastases. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:3716-21.
36. Ayaru L, Pereira SP, Alisa A, et al. Unmasking of alpha-fetoprotein-specific CD4(+) T cell responses in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing embolization. J Immunol 2007;178:1914-22.
37. Rapoport BL, Anderson R. Realizing the clinical potential of immunogenic cell death in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:959.
38. Basu S, Binder RJ, Suto R, Anderson KM, Srivastava PK. Necrotic but not apoptotic cell death releases heat shock proteins, which deliver a partial maturation signal to dendritic cells and activate the NF-kappa B pathway. Int Immunol 2000;12:1539-46.
39. Roberts EW, Broz ML, Binnewies M, et al. Critical role for CD103(+)/CD141(+) dendritic cells bearing CCR7 for tumor antigen trafficking and priming of T cell immunity in melanoma. Cancer Cell 2016;30:324-36.
40. Xie L, Meng Z. Immunomodulatory effect of locoregional therapy in the tumor microenvironment. Mol Ther 2023;31:951-69.
41. Duffy AG, Ulahannan SV, Makorova-Rusher O, et al. Tremelimumab in combination with ablation in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2017;66:545-51.
42. Guo C, Zhang J, Huang X, et al. Preoperative sintilimab plus transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma exceeding the Milan criteria: a phase II trial. Hepatol Commun 2023;7:e0054.
