fig2

Figure 2. Mechanisms influencing cancer-associated fibroblast activation. This graphic highlights the multiple mechanisms that can contribute to cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) activation. Also, in summary, the inducing tumor growth and development are depicted. FGF: fibroblast growth factor; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; TNF: tumor necrosis factor. Modified from Sahaiet al.^[99].