fig2

The role of tumor microenvironment in cholangiocarcinoma

Figure 2. Interactions of cells involved in cholangiocarcinoma development and tumor microenvironment. The green arrows indicate induction, while the red dotted lines suggest inhibition. CCA: cholangiocarcinoma; PD-1: programmed cell death; CTLA4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; FasL: Fas ligand; KIR: killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor; NKs: natural killers; IL-10: interleukin-10; TGFβ: transforming growth factor β; MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand; T reg: regulatory T cells; TILs: tumor infiltrating lymphocytes; DCs: dendritic cells; CXCL-12: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12; HSCs: hepatic stellate cells; CAFs: cancer-associated fibroblasts; TAMs: tumor-associated macrophages; TANs: tumor-associated neutrophils; CCL2: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; IL-6: interleukin-6; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HiF1α: hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha.

Hepatoma Research
ISSN 2454-2520 (Online) 2394-5079 (Print)

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/