REFERENCES

1. Bellentani S. The epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2017;37 Suppl 1:81-4.

2. Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M, Hardy T, Henry L, et al. Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;15:11-20.

3. Byrne CD, Targher G. NAFLD: a multisystem disease. J Hepatol 2015;62:S47-64.

4. Eslam M, Sanyal AJ, George J; International Consensus Panel. MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2020;158:1999-2014.e1.

5. Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, Anstee QM, Targher G, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol 2020;73:202-9.

6. Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: mayo clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55:434-8.

7. Schaffner F, Thaler H. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Prog Liver Dis 1986;8:283-98.

8. Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Caldwell SH. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD single topic conference. Hepatology 2003;37:1202-19.

9. Loria P, Lonardo A, Carulli N. Should nonalcoholic fatty liver disease be renamed? Dig Dis 2005;23:72-82.

10. Ratziu V, Bellentani S, Cortez-Pinto H, Day C, Marchesini G. A position statement on NAFLD/NASH based on the EASL 2009 special conference. J Hepatol 2010;53:372-84.

11. Brunt EM. Histopathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2009;13:533-44.

12. Balmer ML, Dufour JF. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - from NAFLD to MAFLD. Ther Umsch 2011;68:183-8.

13. Bellentani S, Tiribelli C. Is it time to change NAFLD and NASH nomenclature? Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;2:547-8.

14. Valenti L, Pelusi S. Redefining fatty liver disease classification in 2020. Liver Int 2020;40:1016-7.

15. Fouad Y, Waked I, Bollipo S, Gomaa A, Ajlouni Y, et al. What’s in a name? Renaming ‘NAFLD’ to ‘MAFLD’. Liver Int 2020;40:1254-61.

16. Tilg H, Effenberger M. From NAFLD to MAFLD: when pathophysiology succeeds. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;17:387-8.

17. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2016;64:1388-402.

18. Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF). AISF position paper on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): updates and future directions. Dig Liver Dis 2017;49:471-83.

19. Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Charlton M, Cusi K, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology 2018;67:328-57.

20. Khoudari G, Singh A, Noureddin M, Fritze D, Lopez R, et al. Characterization of patients with both alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a large United States cohort. World J Hepatol 2019;11:710-8.

21. Åberg F, Helenius-Hietala J, Puukka P, Färkkilä M, Jula A. Interaction between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome in predicting severe liver disease in the general population. Hepatology 2018;67:2141-9.

22. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, et al; International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention, Hational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, International Atherosclerosis Society, International Association for the Study of Obesity. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009;120:1640-5.

23. Bugianesi E, Zannoni C, Vanni E, Marzocchi R, Marchesini G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver and insulin resistance: a cause-effect relationship? Dig Liver Dis 2004;36:165-73.

24. Marchesini G, Marzocchi R. Metabolic syndrome and NASH. Clin Liver Dis 2007;11:105-17. ix

25. Anstee QM, Targher G, Day CP. Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10:330-44.

26. Lonardo A, Ballestri S, Marchesini G, Angulo P, Loria P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a precursor of the metabolic syndrome. Dig Liver Dis 2015;47:181-90.

27. Lonardo A, Bellentani S, Argo CK, Ballestri S, Byrne CD, et al; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Study Group. Epidemiological modifiers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: focus on high-risk groups. Dig Liver Dis 2015;47:997-1006.

28. Tilg H, Moschen AR, Roden M. NAFLD and diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;14:32-42.

29. Byrne CD, Patel J, Scorletti E, Targher G. Tests for diagnosing and monitoring non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults. BMJ 2018;362:k2734.

30. Gastaldelli A, Cusi K. From NASH to diabetes and from diabetes to NASH: Mechanisms and treatment options. JHEP Rep 2019;1:312-28.

31. Khan RS, Bril F, Cusi K, Newsome PN. Modulation of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2019;70:711-24.

32. Lin S, Huang J, Wang M, Kumar R, Liu Y, et al. Comparison of MAFLD and NAFLD diagnostic criteria in real world. Liver Int 2020:2082-9.

33. Targher G. Concordance of MAFLD and NAFLD diagnostic criteria in “real-world” data. Liver Int 2020; doi: 10.1111/liv.14623.

34. Lu FB, Zheng KI, Rios RS, Targher G, Byrne CD, et al. Global epidemiology of lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; doi: 10.1111/jgh.15156.

35. Younossi ZM, Rinella ME, Sanyal A, Harrison SA, Brunt E, et al. From NAFLD to MAFLD: implications of a premature change in terminology. Hepatology 2020; doi: 10.1002/hep.31420.

36. Yki-järvinen H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014;2:901-10.

37. Adams LA, Anstee QM, Tilg H, Targher G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its relationship with cardiovascular disease and other extrahepatic diseases. Gut 2017;66:1138-53.

38. Stefan N, Häring H, Cusi K. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: causes, diagnosis, cardiometabolic consequences, and treatment strategies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019;7:313-24.

39. Targher G, Byrne CD, Tilg H. NAFLD and increased risk of cardiovascular disease: clinical associations, pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmacological implications. Gut 2020;69:1691-705.

40. Byrne CD, Targher G. NAFLD as a driver of chronic kidney disease. J Hepatol 2020;72:785-801.

41. Mantovani A, Scorletti E, Mosca A, Alisi A, Byrne CD, et al. Complications, morbidity and mortality of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2020:154170.

42. Wieland AC, Mettler P, McDermott MT, Crane LA, Cicutto LC, et al. Low awareness of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among patients at high metabolic risk. J Clin Gastroenterol 2015;49:e6-10.

43. Alemany-Pagès M, Moura-Ramos M, Araújo S, Macedo MP, Ribeiro RT, et al. Insights from qualitative research on NAFLD awareness with a cohort of T2DM patients: time to go public with insulin resistance? BMC Public Health 2020;20:1142.