REFERENCES

1. Yang JD, Roberts LR. Epidemiology and management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2010;24:899-919, viii.

2. Venook AP, Papandreou C, Furuse J, de Guevara LL. The incidence and epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: a global and regional perspective. Oncologist 2010;15 Suppl 4:5-13.

3. Sanyal AJ, Yoon SK, Lencioni R. The etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma and consequences for treatment. Oncologist 2010;15 Suppl 4:14-22.

4. Welzel TM, Graubard BI, Zeuzem S, El-Serag HB, Davila JA, McGlynn KA. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of primary liver cancer in the United States: a study in the SEER-Medicare database. Hepatology 2011;54:463-71.

5. Liu Y, Chang CC, Marsh GM, Wu F. Population attributable risk of aflatoxin-related liver cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2012;48:2125-36.

6. Ferber MJ, Montoya DP, Yu C, Aderca I, McGee A, Thorland EC, Nagorney DM, Gostout BS, Burgart LJ, Boix L, Bruix J, McMahon BJ, Cheung TH, Chung TK, Wong YF, Smith DI, Roberts LR. Integrations of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) into the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene in liver and cervical cancers. Oncogene 2003;22:3813-20.

7. Zhang X, Ding HG. Key role of hepatitis B virus mutation in chronic hepatitis B development to hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2015;7:1282-6.

8. Sung WK, Zheng H, Li S, Chen R, Liu X, Li Y, Lee NP, Lee WH, Ariyaratne PN, Tennakoon C, Mulawadi FH, Wong KF, Liu AM, Poon RT, Fan ST, Chan KL, Gong Z, Hu Y, Lin Z, Wang G, Zhang Q, Barber TD, Chou WC, Aggarwal A, Hao K, Zhou W, Zhang C, Hardwick J, Buser C, Xu J, Kan Z, Dai H, Mao M, Reinhard C, Wang J, Luk JM. Genome-wide survey of recurrent HBV integration in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Genet 2012;44:765-9.

9. Nault JC, Mallet M, Pilati C, Calderaro J, Bioulac-Sage P, Laurent C, Laurent A, Cherqui D, Balabaud C, Zucman-Rossi J. High frequency of telomerase reverse-transcriptase promoter somatic mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma and preneoplastic lesions. Nat Commun 2013;4:2218.

10. Bell RJ, Rube HT, Kreig A, Mancini A, Fouse SD, Nagarajan RP, Choi S, Hong C, He D, Pekmezci M, Wiencke JK, Wrensch MR, Chang SM, Walsh KM, Myong S, Song JS, Costello JF. Cancer. The transcription factor GABP selectively binds and activates the mutant TERT promoter in cancer. Science 2015;348:1036-9.

11. Zhang T, Zhang J, You X, Liu Q, Du Y, Gao Y, Shan C, Kong G, Wang Y, Yang X, Ye L, Zhang X. Hepatitis B virus X protein modulates oncogene Yes-associated protein by CREB to promote growth of hepatoma cells. Hepatology 2012;56:2051-9.

12. Maguire HF, Hoeffler JP, Siddiqui A. HBV X protein alters the DNA binding specificity of CREB and ATF-2 by protein-protein interactions. Science 1991;252:842-4.

13. Chan C, Wang Y, Chow PK, Chung AY, Ooi LL, Lee CG. Altered binding site selection of p53 transcription cassettes by hepatitis B virus X protein. Mol Cell Biol 2013;33:485-97.

14. Yun C, Um HR, Jin YH, Wang JH, Lee MO, Park S, Lee JH, Cho H. NF-kappaB activation by hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein shifts the cellular fate toward survival. Cancer Lett 2002;184:97-104.

15. Klein NP, Schneider RJ. Activation of Src family kinases by hepatitis B virus HBx protein and coupled signaling to Ras. Mol Cell Biol 1997;17:6427-36.

16. Benn J, Schneider RJ. Hepatitis B virus HBx protein activates Ras-GTP complex formation and establishes a Ras, Raf, MAP kinase signaling cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:10350-4.

17. Lee YI, Kang-Park S, Do SI, Lee YI. The hepatitis B virus-X protein activates a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent survival signaling cascade. J Biol Chem 2001;276:16969-77.

18. Cha MY, Kim CM, Park YM, Ryu WS. Hepatitis B virus X protein is essential for the activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in hepatoma cells. Hepatology 2004;39:1683-93.

19. Tian Y, Yang W, Song J, Wu Y, Ni B. Hepatitis B virus X protein-induced aberrant epigenetic modifications contributing to human hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2013;33:2810-6.

20. Zhu YZ, Zhu R, Fan J, Pan Q, Li H, Chen Q, Zhu HG. Hepatitis B virus X protein induces hypermethylation of p16(INK4A) promoter via DNA methyltransferases in the early stage of HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. J Viral Hepat 2010;17:98-107.

21. Kong G, Zhang J, Zhang S, Shan C, Ye L, Zhang X. Upregulated microRNA-29a by hepatitis B virus X protein enhances hepatoma cell migration by targeting PTEN in cell culture model. PLoS One 2011;6:e19518.

22. Rusyn I, Lemon SM. Mechanisms of HCV-induced liver cancer: what did we learn from in vitro and animal studies? Cancer Lett 2014;345:210-5.

23. Lerat H, Higgs M, Pawlotsky JM. Animal models in the study of hepatitis C virus-associated liver pathologies. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;5:341-52.

24. Lindenbach BD, Evans MJ, Syder AJ, Wolk B, Tellinghuisen TL, Liu CC, Maruyama T, Hynes RO, Burton DR, McKeating JA, Rice CM. Complete replication of hepatitis C virus in cell culture. Science 2005;309:623-6.

25. Lohmann V, Korner F, Koch J, Herian U, Theilmann L, Bartenschlager R. Replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNAs in a hepatoma cell line. Science 1999;285:110-3.

26. Tacke RS, Tosello-Trampont A, Nguyen V, Mullins DW, Hahn YS. Extracellular hepatitis C virus core protein activates STAT3 in human monocytes/macrophages/dendritic cells via an IL-6 autocrine pathway. J Biol Chem 2011;286:10847-55.

27. Zhu Z, Wilson AT, Gopalakrishna K, Brown KE, Luxon BA, Schmidt WN. Hepatitis C virus core protein enhances Telomerase activity in Huh7 cells. J Med Virol 2010;82:239-48.

28. He Q, Cheng R, Chen Z, Xiao X, Xiao Z, Li C, Li B, Zhang P, Zheng H, Feng D. Cell transformation and proteome alteration in QSG7701 cells transfected with hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 3. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2007;39:751-62.

29. Kwun HJ, Jung EY, Ahn JY, Lee MN, Jang KL. p53-dependent transcriptional repression of p21(waf1) by hepatitis C virus NS3. J Gen Virol 2001;82:2235-41.

30. Yu GY, He G, Li CY, Tang M, Grivennikov S, Tsai WT, Wu MS, Hsu CW, Tsai Y, Wang LH, Karin M. Hepatic expression of HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase triggers innate immune signaling and cytokine production. Mol Cell 2012;48:313-21.

31. Korenaga M, Wang T, Li Y, Showalter LA, Chan T, Sun J, Weinman SA. Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits mitochondrial electron transport and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. J Biol Chem 2005;280:37481-8.

32. Munakata T, Nakamura M, Liang Y, Li K, Lemon SM. Down-regulation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor by the hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:18159-64.

33. Choi SH, Hwang SB. Modulation of the transforming growth factor-beta signal transduction pathway by hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5A protein. J Biol Chem 2006;281:7468-78.

34. Tsai WC, Hsu SD, Hsu CS, Lai TC, Chen SJ, Shen R, Huang Y, Chen HC, Lee CH, Tsai TF, Hsu MT, Wu JC, Huang HD, Shiao MS, Hsiao M, Tsou AP. MicroRNA-122 plays a critical role in liver homeostasis and hepatocarcinogenesis. J Clin Invest 2012;122:2884-97.

35. Smeenk R, Duin T, Aarden L. Influence of pH on the detection of low- and high-avidity anti-dsDNA. J Immunol Methods 1982;55:361-73.

36. Abbas Z, Abbas M, Abbas S, Shazi L. Hepatitis D and hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2015;7:777-86.

37. Schwartz JM, Reinus JF. Prevalence and natural history of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2012;16:659-66.

38. Neuman MG, Malnick S, Maor Y, Nanau RM, Melzer E, Ferenci P, Seitz HK, Mueller S, Mell H, Samuel D, Cohen LB, Kharbanda KK, Osna NA, Ganesan M, Thompson KJ, McKillop IH, Bautista A, Bataller R, French SW. Alcoholic liver disease: clinical and translational research. Exp Mol Pathol 2015;99:596-610.

39. Plemenitas A, Kastelic M, Porcelli S, Serretti A, Rus Makovec M, Kores Plesnicar B, Dolzan V. Genetic variability in CYP2E1 and catalase gene among currently and formerly alcohol-dependent male subjects. Alcohol Alcohol 2015;50:140-5.

40. Polonikov AV, Ivanov VP, Solodilova MA. CYP2E1 gene promoter polymorphism -1293G>C increases the risk of essential hypertension in men with alcohol abuse. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013;155:734-7.

41. Liu W, Tian F, Dai L, Chai Y. Cytochrome P450 2E1 gene polymorphism and alcohol drinking on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2014;41:7645-50.

42. Schulze K, Imbeaud S, Letouze E, Alexandrov LB, Calderaro J, Rebouissou S, Couchy G, Meiller C, Shinde J, Soysouvanh F, Calatayud AL, Pinyol R, Pelletier L, Balabaud C, Laurent A, Blanc JF, Mazzaferro V, Calvo F, Villanueva A, Nault JC, Bioulac-Sage P, Stratton MR, Llovet JM, Zucman-Rossi J. Exome sequencing of hepatocellular carcinomas identifies new mutational signatures and potential therapeutic targets. Nat Genet 2015;47:505-11.

43. Sebastian C, Satterstrom FK, Haigis MC, Mostoslavsky R. From sirtuin biology to human diseases: an update. J Biol Chem 2012;287:42444-52.

44. You M, Liang X, Ajmo JM, Ness GC. Involvement of mammalian sirtuin 1 in the action of ethanol in the liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008;294:G892-8.

45. Stunkel W, Peh BK, Tan YC, Nayagam VM, Wang X, Salto-Tellez M, Ni B, Entzeroth M, Wood J. Function of the SIRT1 protein deacetylase in cancer. Biotechnol J 2007;2:1360-8.

46. Luo J, Nikolaev AY, Imai S, Chen D, Su F, Shiloh A, Guarente L, Gu W. Negative control of p53 by Sir2alpha promotes cell survival under stress. Cell 2001;107:137-48.

47. Yeung F, Hoberg JE, Ramsey CS, Keller MD, Jones DR, Frye RA, Mayo MW. Modulation of NF-kappaB-dependent transcription and cell survival by the SIRT1 deacetylase. EMBO J 2004;23:2369-80.

48. Jang KY, Noh SJ, Lehwald N, Tao GZ, Bellovin DI, Park HS, Moon WS, Felsher DW, Sylvester KG. SIRT1 and c-Myc promote liver tumor cell survival and predict poor survival of human hepatocellular carcinomas. PLoS One 2012;7:e45119.

49. Mercer KE, Hennings L, Ronis MJ. Alcohol consumption, Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, and hepatocarcinogenesis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015;815:185-95.

50. Lindenmeyer CC, McCullough AJ. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-an evolving view. Clin Liver Dis 2018;22:11-21.

51. Agosti P, Sabba C, Mazzocca A. Emerging metabolic risk factors in hepatocellular carcinoma and their influence on the liver microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta 2018;1864:607-17.

52. Wong RJ, Aguilar M, Cheung R, Perumpail RB, Harrison SA, Younossi ZM, Ahmed A. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the second leading etiology of liver disease among adults awaiting liver transplantation in the United States. Gastroenterology 2015;148:547-55.

53. Wu J. Utilization of animal models to investigate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016;7:42762-76.

54. Ding J, Wu J. Epigenetic regulation of hepatic tumor-initiating cells. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2015;20:946-63.

55. Stickel F, Hellerbrand C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanisms and implications. Gut 2010;59:1303-7.

56. Park EJ, Lee JH, Yu GY, He G, Ali SR, Holzer RG, Osterreicher CH, Takahashi H, Karin M. Dietary and genetic obesity promote liver inflammation and tumorigenesis by enhancing IL-6 and TNF expression. Cell 2010;140:197-208.

57. Yoshimoto S, Loo TM, Atarashi K, Kanda H, Sato S, Oyadomari S, Iwakura Y, Oshima K, Morita H, Hattori M, Honda K, Ishikawa Y, Hara E, Ohtani N. Obesity-induced gut microbial metabolite promotes liver cancer through senescence secretome. Nature 2013;499:97-101.

58. Streba LA, Vere CC, Rogoveanu I, Streba CT. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic risk factors, and hepatocellular carcinoma: an open question. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:4103-10.

59. Hardy T, Oakley F, Anstee QM, Day CP. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathogenesis and disease spectrum. Annu Rev Pathol 2016;11:451-96.

60. Wang Z, Gerstein M, Snyder M. RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics. Nat Rev Genet 2009;10:57-63.

61. Miyamoto DT, Zheng Y, Wittner BS, Lee RJ, Zhu H, Broderick KT, Desai R, Fox DB, Brannigan BW, Trautwein J, Arora KS, Desai N, Dahl DM, Sequist LV, Smith MR, Kapur R, Wu CL, Shioda T, Ramaswamy S, Ting DT, Toner M, Maheswaran S, Haber DA. RNA-Seq of single prostate CTCs implicates noncanonical Wnt signaling in antiandrogen resistance. Science 2015;349:1351-6.

62. Xu S, Lou F, Wu Y, Sun DQ, Zhang JB, Chen W, Ye H, Liu JH, Wei S, Zhao MY, Wu WJ, Su XX, Shi R, Jones L, Huang XF, Chen SY, Chen J. Circulating tumor DNA identified by targeted sequencing in advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Lett 2016;370:324-31.

63. Liang DH, Ensor JE, Liu ZB, Patel A, Patel TA, Chang JC, Rodriguez AA. Cell-free DNA as a molecular tool for monitoring disease progression and response to therapy in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016;155:139-49.

64. Huang Q, Lin B, Liu H, Ma X, Mo F, Yu W, Li L, Li H, Tian T, Wu D, Shen F, Xing J, Chen ZN. RNA-Seq analyses generate comprehensive transcriptomic landscape and reveal complex transcript patterns in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2011;6:e26168.

65. Marusyk A, Almendro V, Polyak K. Intra-tumour heterogeneity: a looking glass for cancer? Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:323-34.

66. Hou Y, Guo H, Cao C, Li X, Hu B, Zhu P, Wu X, Wen L, Tang F, Huang Y, Peng J. Single-cell triple omics sequencing reveals genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinomas. Cell Res 2016;26:304-19.

67. Zheng H, Pomyen Y, Hernandez MO, Li C, Livak F, Tang W, Dang H, Greten TF, Davis JL, Zhao Y, Mehta M, Levin Y, Shetty J, Tran B, Budhu A, Wang XW. Single cell analysis reveals cancer stem cell heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2018;68:127-40.

68. Hurez V, Padron A, Svatek RS, Curiel TJ. Considerations for successful cancer immunotherapy in aged hosts. Exp Gerontol 2018;107:27-36.

69. Curiel TJ. Regulatory T cells and treatment of cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 2008;20:241-6.

70. Wherry EJ. T cell exhaustion. Nat Immunol 2011;12:492-9.

71. Kasper HU, Drebber U, Stippel DL, Dienes HP, Gillessen A. Liver tumor infiltrating lymphocytes: comparison of hepatocellular and cholangiolar carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:5053-7.

72. Zheng C, Zheng L, Yoo JK, Guo H, Zhang Y, Guo X, Kang B, Hu R, Huang JY, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Dong M, Hu X, Ouyang W, Peng J, Zhang Z. Landscape of infiltrating T cells in liver cancer revealed by single-cell sequencing. Cell 2017;169:1342-56.e16.

Hepatoma Research
ISSN 2454-2520 (Online) 2394-5079 (Print)

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/