REFERENCES

1. Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson JL, Fauci AS. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th Ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2005. pp. 1301-2608.

2. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Heatmap. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2013. Available from: http://vizhub.healthdata.org/irank/heat.php.

3. Cabre E, Gonzalez-Huix F, Abad-Lacruz A, Esteve M, Acero D, Fernandez-Ba-ares F, Xiol X, Gassull MA. Effect of total enteral nutrition on the short-term outcome of severely malnourished cirrhotics. Gastroenterology 1990;98:715-20.

4. McCullough AJ, Tavill AS. Disordered energy and protein metabolism in liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 1991;11:265-77.

5. Kondrup J, Muller MJ. Energy and protein requirements of patients with chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 1997;27:239-47.

6. Bathgate AJ, Hynd P, Sommerville D, Hayes PC. The prediction of acute cellular rejection in orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 1999;5:475-9.

7. Cabré E, Gassull MA. Nutritional and metabolic issues in cirrhosis and liver transplantation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2000;3:345-54.

8. Cabré E, Gassull MA. Nutritional aspects of chronic liver disease. Clin Nutr 1993;12:S52-63.

9. Greco AV, Mingrone G, Benedetti G, Capristo E, Tataranni PA, Gasbarrin G. Daily energy and substrate metabolism in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1998;27:346-50.

10. Mendenhall CL, Tosch T, Weesner R, Garcia-Pont P, Goldberg SJ, Kiernan T, Seeff LB, Sorell M, Tamburro C, Zetterman R. VA cooperative study on alcoholic hepatitis II: prognostic significance or protein-calorie malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;43:213-8.

11. Abad A, Cabré E, Gonzalez Huix F. Influence of the nutritional status in the prognosis and clinical outcome of hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis. Preliminary report. J Clin Nutr Gastroenterol 1987;2:63-8.

12. Selberg O, Boèttcher J, Tusch G, Pichlmayr R, Henkel E, Muller MJ. Identification of high- and low-risk patients before liver transplantation. A prospective cohort study of nutritional and metabolic parameters in 150 patients. Hepatology 1997;25:652-7.

13. Miki C, Iriyama K, Mayer AD, Buckels JA, Harrison JD, Suzuki H, McMaster P. Energy storage and cytokine response in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Cytokine 1999;11:244-8.

14. Riggio O, Ariosto F, Merli M, Caschera M, Zullo A, Balducci G, Ziparo V, Pedretti G, Fiaccadori F, Bottari E. Short-term oral zinc supplementation does not improve chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Results of a double-blind crossover trial. Dig Dis Sci 1991;36:1204-8.

15. Newsome PN, Beldon I, Moussa Y, Delahooke E, Poulopoulos G, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. Low serum retinol levels are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14:1295-301.

16. Lochs H, Plauth M. Liver cirrhosis: rationale and modalities for nutritional support-the European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition consensus and beyond. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1999;2:345-9.

17. Bakshi N, Singh K. Nutrition assessment in patients undergoing liver transplant. Indian J Crit Care Med 2014;18:672-81.

18. Kleinberger G. Energy supply during parenteral nutrition in liver insufficiency. In: Holm E, Kasper H, editors. Metabolism and nutrition in liver disease. 1st ed. 41st Falk Symposium; 1985. pp. 303-12.

19. Shanbhogue RL, Bistrian BR, Jenkins RL, Jones C, Benotti P, Blackburn GL. Resting energy expenditure in patients with end stage liver disease and in normal population. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987;11:305-8.

20. Schneeweiss B, Graninger W, Ferenci P, Eichinger S, Grimm G, Schneider B, Laggner AN, Lenz K, Kleinberger G. Energy metabolism in patients with acute and chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1990;11:387-93.

21. Kleinberger G, Ferenci P, Riederer P, Thaler H. Advances in Hepatic Encephalopathy and Urea Cycle Diseases. Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Ammonia, Semmering, Austria, May 1984. Basel: Karger Publication; 1984. pp. 674–81.

22. Dolz C, Raurich JM, Ibanez J, Obrador A, Mars P, Gayt J. Ascites increases the resting energy expenditure in liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1991;100:738-44.

23. Merli M, Riggio O, Servi R, Zullo A, De Santis A, Attili AF, Capocaccia L. Increased energy expenditure in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Nutrition 1992;8:321-5.

24. Nielsen K, Martinsen L, Dossing H, Stilling B, Kondrup J. Energy expenditure measured by the doubly labeled water method during hyperalimentation of patients with liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1991;13:S151.

25. Campillo B, Bories PN, Sommer F, Wirquin E, Fouet P. The thermogenic and metabolic effects of food in liver cirrhosis: consequences on the storage of nutrients and the hormonal counter regulatory response. Metabolism 1992;41:476-82.

26. Muller MJ, Willmann O, Rieger A, Fenk A, Selberg O, Lautz HU, Bürger M, Balks HJ, von zur Mühlen A, Schmidt FW. Mechanism of insulin resistance associated with liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1992;102:2033-41.

27. Campillo B, Fouet P, Bonnet JC, Atlan G. Submaximal oxygen consumption in liver cirrhosis. Evidence of severe functional aerobic impairment. J Hepatol 1990;10:163-7.

28. Muller MJ, Dettmer A, Tettenborn M, Radoch E, Fichter J, Wagner TO, Balks HJ, von zur Mühlen A, Selberg O. Metabolic, endocrine, haemodynamic and pulmonary responses to different types of exercise in individuals with normal or reduced liver function. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1996;74:246-57.

29. Plevak DJ, DiCecco SR, Wiesner RH, Porayko MK, Wahlstrom HE, Janzow DJ, Hammel KD, O'Keefe SJ. Nutritional support for liver transplantation: identifying caloric and protein requirements. Mayo Clin Proc 1994;69:225-30.

30. Weimann A, Kuse ER, Bechstein WO, Neuberger JM, Plauth M, Pichlmayr R. Perioperative parenteral and enteral nutrition for patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Results of a questionnaire from 16 European transplant units. Transpl Int 1998;11:S289-91.

31. Elwyn DH, Kinney JM, Askanazi J. Energy expenditure in surgical patients. Surg Clin North Am 1981;61:545-56.

32. De Ledinghen V, Beau P, Mannant PR, Ledinghen VD, Beau P, Mannant PR, Borderie C, Ripault MP, Silvain C, Beauchant M. Early feeding or enteral nutrition in patients with cirrhosis after bleeding from esophageal varices? A randomized controlled study. Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:536-41.

33. Bories B, Campillo B. One-month regular oral nutrition in alcoholic cirrhotic patients. Changes of nutritional status, hepatic function and serum lipid pattern. Br J Nutr 1994;72:937-46.

34. Naylor CD, Rourke K, Detsky AS, Baker JP. Parenteral nutrition with branched chain amino acids in hepatic encephalophathy. A meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 1989;97:1033-42.

35. Bonkovsky HL, Singh RH, Jafri IH, Fiellin DA, Smith GS, Simon D, Cotsonis GA, Slaker DP. A randomized controlled trial of the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with parenteral nutrition and oxandrolon II: short-term effects on nitrogen metabolism, metabolic balance and nutrition. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:1209-18.

36. Swart GR, Van den Berg JWO, Vuure JK, Tietveld T, Wattimena DL, Frenkel M. Minimum protein requirements in liver cirrhosis determined by nitrogen balance measurements at three levels of protein intake. Clin Nutr 1989;8:329-36.

37. Morgan M, Madden A, Jennings G, Elia M, Fuller NJ. Two-component models are of limited value for the assessment of body composition in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:1151-62.

38. Nielsen BK, Kondrup J, Martinsen L, Dossing H, Larsson B, Stilling B, Jensen MG. Long-term oral refeeding of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Br J Nutr 1995;74:557-67.

39. Khanna S, Gopalan S. Role of branched-chain amino acids in liver disease: the evidence for and against. Curr Opin Nutr Metab Care 2007;10:297-303.

40. Mardini HA, Douglass A, Record C. Amino acid challenge in patients with cirrhosis and control subjects: ammonia, plasma amino acid and EEG changes. Metab Brain Dis 2006;21:1-10.

41. Bianchi G, Marzocchi R, Agostini F, Marchesini G. Update on nutritional supplementation with branched-chain amino acids. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005;8:83-7.

42. Plauth M, Egberts EH, Hamster W, Török M, Müller PH, Brand O, Fürst P, Dölle W. Long-term treatment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy with branched-chain amino acids. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. J Hepatol 1993;17:308-14.

43. Marchesinin G, Bianchi G, Merli M, Amodio P, Panella C, Loguercio C, Rossi Fanelli F, Abbiati R; Italian BCAA Study Group. Nutritional supplementation with branched chain amino acids in advanced cirrhosis: a double blind, randomized trial. Gastroenterology 2003;124:1792-801.

44. Fukushima H, Miwa Y, Ida E, Kuriyama S, Toda K, Shimomura Y, Sugiyama A, Sugihara J, Tomita E, Moriwaki H. Nocturnal branched-chain amino acid administration improves protein metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis: comparison with daytime administration. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003;27:315-22.

45. Plauth M, Merli M, Kondrup J, Weimann A, Ferenci P, Müller MJ, ESPEN Consensus Group. ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and transplantation. Clin Nutr 1997;16:43-55.

46. Mizock BA. Nutritional support in hepatic encephalopathy. Nutrition 1999;15:220-8.

47. Als-Nielsen B, Koretz RL, Gluud LL, Gluud C. Branched-chain amino acids for hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;2:CD001939.

48. Muller MJ. Malnutrition in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1995;23 Suppl 1:31-5.

49. Leevy CM, Moroianu SA. Nutritional aspects of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2005;9:67-81.

50. Leo MA, Lieber CS. Hepatic vitamin A depletion in alcoholic liver injury. N Engl J Med 1982;307:597-601.

51. Hay JE, Guichelaar MM. Evaluation and management of osteoporosis in liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2005;9:747-66.

52. Sainz J, Van Tornout JM, Loro L, Sayre J, Roe TF, Gilsanz V. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and bone density in prepubertal American girls of Mexican descent. N Engl J Med 1997;337:77-82.

53. Sharma R, Rakela J. Management of pre-liver transplantation patient: part 2. Liver Transpl 2005;3:249-60.

54. Lochs H, Plauth M. Liver cirrhosis: rationale and modalities for nutritional support-the European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition consensus and beyond. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1999;2:345-9.

55. Aggett PJ. Severe zinc defiency. In: Mills CF, editor. Zinc in human biology. Berlin: Springer; 1989. pp. 259-74.

56. Raynard B, Balian A, Fallik D, Capron F, Bedossa P, Chaput JC, Naveau S. Risk factors of fibrosis in alcohol-induced liver disease. Hepatology 2002;35:635-8.

57. Bamgbade OA, Tait AR, Kheterpal S, Nafiu OO, Dorje P, Pelletier SJ. Magnesium supplementation during liver transplantation. Internet J Surg 2008;15:1.

58. Hasse JM. Nutritional implications of liver transplantation. Henry Ford Hosp Med J 1990;38:235-40.

59. Hasse J. Role of the dietitian in the nutrition management of adults after liver transplantation. J Am Diet Assoc 1991;91:473-6.

60. Hasse JM. Nutrition considerations in liver transplantation. Top Clin Nutr 1992;7:24-33.

61. Munoz SJ. Nutritional therapies in liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 1991;11:278-91.

62. Hasse JM, Blue LS, Crippin JS, Goldstein RM, Jennings LW, Gonwa TA, Husberg BS, Levy MF, Klintmalm GB. The effect of nutritional status on length of stay and clinical outcomes following liver transplantation. J Am Diet Assoc 1994;94:A38.

63. Plauth M, Cabre E, Riggio O, Assis-Camilo M, Pirlich M, Kondrup J, DGEM (German Society for Nutritional Medicine), Ferenci P, Holm E, Vom Dahl S, Müller MJ, Nolte W, ESPEN (European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition). ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: liver disease. Clin Nutr 2006;25:285-94.

64. Sandu BS, Sanyal AJ. Management of ascites in cirrhosis. Clin Liver Dis 2005;9:715-32.

65. Ginés P, Berl T, Bernardi M, Bichet DG, Hamon G, Jiménez W, Liard JF, Martin PY, Schrier RW. Hyponatremia in cirrhosis: from pathogenesis to treatment. Hepatology 1998;28:851-64.

66. Runyon B, Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004;39:841-56.

67. Plauth M, Schutz T, Buckendahl DP, Kreymann G, Pirlich M, Grüngreiff S, Romaniuk P, Ertl S, Weiss ML, Lochs H. Weight gain after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is associated with improvement in body composition in malnourished patients with cirrhosis and hypermetabolism. J Hepatol 2004;40:228-33.

68. Sheth AA, Garcia-Tsao G. Probiotics and liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008;42:S80-4.

69. Rayes N, Seehofer D, Theruvath T, Schiller RA, Langrehr JM, Jonas S, Bengmark S, Neuhaus P. Supply of pre and probiotics reduces bacterial infection rates after liver transplantation-a randomized, doubleblind trial. Am J Transplant 2005;5:125-30.

70. Stadlbauer V, Mookerjee RP, Hodges S, Wright GAK, Davies NA, Jalan R. Effect of probiotic treatment on deranged neutrophil function and cytokine responses in patients with compensated alcoholic cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2008;48:945-51.

71. Sharma P, Sharma BC, Puri V, Sarin SK. An open-label randomized controlled trial of lactulose and probiotics in the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;20:506-11.

72. Bajaj JS, Saeian K, Christensen KM, Hafeezullah M, Varma RR, Franco J, Pleuss JA, Krakower G, Hoffmann RG, Binion DG. Probiotic yogurt for the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1707-15.

73. Tandon P, Moncrief K, Madsen K, Arrieta MC, Owen RJ, Bain VG, Wong WW, Ma MM. Effects of probiotic therapy on portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis: a pilot study. Liver Int 2009;29:1110-5.

74. Lata J, Novotny I, Pribramska V, Juránková J, Frič P, Kroupa R, Stibůrek O. The effect of probiotics on gut flora, level of endotoxin and Child-Pugh score in cirrhotic patients: results of a double blind randomized study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;19:1111-3.

75. Plank LD, McCall JL, Gane EJ, Rafique M, Gillanders LK, McIlroy K, Munn SR. Pre and postoperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing liver transplantation: a pilot study of safety and efficacy. Clin Nutr 2005;24:288-96.

76. Qiu Y, Zhu X, Wang W, Xu Q, Ding Y. Nutrition support with glutamine dipeptide in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2009;41:4232-7.

77. Plank LD, Gane EJ, Peng S, Muthu C, Mathur S, Gillanders L, McIlroy K, Donaghy AJ, McCall JL. Nocturnal nutritional supplementation improves total body protein status of patients with liver cirrhosis: a randomized 12-month trial. Hepatology 2008;48:557-66.

78. Zillikens MC, van den Berg JW, Wattimena JL, Rietveld T, Swart GR. Nocturnal oral glucose supplementation. The effects on protein metabolism in cirrhotic patients and in healthy controls. J Hepatol 1993;17:377-83.

79. Stickel F, Hoehn B, Schuppan D, Seitz HK. Review article: nutritional therapy in alcoholic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;18:357-73.

80. Halsted CH. Nutrition and alcoholic liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2004;24:289-304.

81. Hirsch S, Bunout D, De la Maza P, Iturriaga H, Petermann M, Icazar G, Gattas V, Ugarte G. Controlled trial on nutrition supplementation in out-patients with symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993;17:119-24.

82. Mendenhall CL, Moritz TE, Roselle GA, Morgan TR, Nemchausky BA, Tamburro CH, Schiff ER, McClain CJ, Marsano LS, Allen JI. A study of oral nutritional support with oxandrolone in malnourished patients with alcoholic hepatitis: results of a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study. Hepatology 1993;17:564-76.

83. Le Cornu KA, McKiernan FJ, Kapadia SA, Neuberger JM. A prospective randomized study of preoperative nutritional supplementation in patients awaiting elective orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 2000;69:1364-9.

84. Kawaguchi T, Taniguchi E, Itou M, Mutou M, Ibi R, Shiraishi S, Okada T, Uchida Y, Otsuka M, Tonan T, Fujimoto K, Oriishi T, Tanaka S, Takakura M, Sata M. Supplement improves nutrition and stresses caused by examination-associated fasting in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 2008;38:1178-85.

85. Cabre E, Periago JL, Abad A, González HF, González J, Esteve-Comas M, Fernández-Bañares F, Planas R, Gil A, Sánchez-Medina F. Plasma fatty acid profile in advanced cirrhosis: unsaturation deficit of lipid fractions. Am J Gastroenterol 1990;85:1597-604.

86. Cabre E, Gassull MA. Nutrition in liver disease. Curr Opin Nutr Metab Care 2005;8:545-51.

87. Hasse JM, Blue LS, Liepa GU, Goldstein RM, Jennings LW, Mor E, Husberg BS, Levy MF, Gonwa TA, Klintmalm GB. Early enteral nutrition support in patients undergoing liver transplantation. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995;19:437-43.

88. Fan ST, Lo CM, Lai EC, Chu KM, Liu CL, Wong J. Perioperative nutritional support in patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1547-52.

89. Wicks C, Somasundaram S, Bjarnason I, Menzies IS, Routley D, Potter D, Tan KC, Williams R. Comparison of enteral feeding and total parenteral nutrition after liver transplantation. Lancet 1994;344:837-40.

90. DiCecco SR, Ziller NF. Nutrition in alcoholic liver disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2006;21:245-54.

91. Weimann A, Braga M, Harsanyi L, Laviano A, Ljungqvist O, Soeters P, DGEM (German Society for Nutritional Medicine), Jauch KW, Kemen M, Hiesmayr JM, Horbach T, Kuse ER, Vestweber KH, ESPEN (European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition). ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: surgery including organ transplantation. Clin Nutr 2006;25:224-44.

92. Plauth M, Cabré E, Campillo B, Kondrup J, Marchesini G, Schütz T, Shenkin A, Wendon J, ESPEN. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: hepatology. Clin Nutr 2009;28:436-44.

Hepatoma Research
ISSN 2454-2520 (Online) 2394-5079 (Print)

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/