REFERENCES
1. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;61:69-90.
2. Bosetti C, Levi F, Boffetta P, Lucchini F, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Trends in mortality from hepa- tocellular carcinoma in Europe, 1980-2004. Hepatology 2008;48:137-45.
3. Chuang SC, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P. Liver cancer: descriptive epidemiology and risk factors other than HBV and HCV infection. Cancer Lett 2009;286:9-14.
4. Galun D, Basaric D, Zuvela M, Bulajic P, Bogdanovic A, Bidzic N, Milicevic M. Hepatocellular carcinoma: from clinical practice to evidence-based treatment protocols. World J Hepatol 2015;7:2274-91.
5. European Association for the Study of the Liver; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2012;56:908-43.
6. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011;53:1020-2.
7. Omata M, Lesmana LA, Tateishi R, Chen PJ, Lin SM, Yoshida HY, Kudo M, Lee JM, Choi BI, Poon RTP, Shiina S, Cheng AL, Jia JD, Obi S, Han KH, Jafri W, Chow P, Lim SG, Chawla YK, Budihusodo U, Gani RA, Lesmana CR, Putranto TA, Liaw YF, Sarin SK. Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver consensus recommendations on hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int 2010;4:439-74.
9. Cavin C, Holzhauser D, Constable A, Huggett AC, Schilter B. The coffee specific diterpenes cafestol and kahweol protect against aflatoxin B1-induced genotoxicity through a dual mechanism. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:1369-75.
10. Majer BJ, Hofer E, Cavin C, Lhoste E, Uhl M, Glatt HR, Meinl W, Knasmüller S. Coffee diterpenes prevent the genotoxic effects of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and N-nitrosodimethylamine in a human derived liver cell line (HepG2). Food Chem Toxicol 2005;43:433-41.
11. Huber WW, Parzefall W. Modification of N-acetyltransferases and glutathione S-transferases by coffee components: possible relevance for cancer risk. Methods Enzymol 2005;401:307-41.
12. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Coffee and caffeine consumption reduce the risk of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States. Gastroenterology 2005;128:24-32.
13. Casiglia E, Spolaore P, Ginocchio G, Ambrosio GB. Unexpected effects of coffee consumption on liver enzymes. Eur J Epidemiol 1993;9:293-7.
14. Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA. Alcohol, smoking, coffee, and cirrhosis. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1248-57.
16. Kuper H, Tzonou A, Kaklamani E, Hsieh CC, Lagiou P, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D, Stuver SO. Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and their interaction in the causation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2000;85:498-502.
17. La Vecchia C, Ferraroni M, Negri E, D'Avanzo B, Decarli A, Levi F, Franceschi F. Coffee consumption and digestive tract cancers. Cancer Res 1989;49:1049-51.
18. Gelatti U, Covolo L, Franceschini M, Pirali F, Tagger A, Ribero ML, Trevisi P, Martelli C, Nardi G, Donato F; Brescia HCC Study Group. Coffee consumption reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma independently of its aetiology: a case-control study. J Hepatol 2005;42:528-34.
19. Montella M, Polesel J, La Vecchia C, Dal Maso L, Crispo A, Crovatto M, Casarin P, Izzo F, Tommasi LG, Talamini R, Franceschi S. Coffee and tea consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy. Int J Cancer 2007;120:1555-9.
20. Tanaka K, Hara M, Sakamoto T, Higaki Y, Mizuta T, Eguchi Y, Yasutake T, Ozaki I, Yamamoto K, Onohara S, Kawazoe S, Shigematsu H, Koizumi S. Inverse association between coffee drinking and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in Japan. Cancer Sci 2007;98:214-8.
21. Ohfuji S, Fukushima W, Tanaka T, Habu D, Tamori A, Sakaguchi H, Takeda T, Kawada N, Seki S, Nishiguchi S, Shiomi S, Hirota Y. Coffee consumption and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic type C liver disease: a case-control study. Hepatol Res 2006;36:201-8.
22. Leung WW, Ho SC, Chan HL, Wong V, Yeo W, Mok TSK. Moderate coffee consumption reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B chronic carriers: a case-control study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2011;65:556-8.
23. Inoue M, Yoshimi I, Sobue T, Tsugane S. Influence of coffee drinking on subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in Japan. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:293-300.
24. Inoue M, Kurahashi N, Iwasaki M, Shimazu T, Tanaka Y, Mizokami M, Tsugane S; Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Group. Effect of coffee and green tea consumption on the risk of liver cancer: cohort analysis by hepatitis virus infection status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:1746-53.
25. Johnson S, Koh WP, Wang R, Govindarajan S, Yu MC, Yuan JM. Coffee consumption and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: findings from the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Cancer Causes Control 2011;22:503-10.
26. Hu G, Tuomilehto J, Pukkala E, Hakulinen T, Antikainen R, Vartiainen E, Jousilahti P. Joint effects of coffee consumption and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase on the risk of liver cancer. Hepatology 2008;48:129-36.
27. Bravi F, Cristina Bosetti C, Alessandra Tavani A, Vincenzo Bagnardi V, Silvano Gallus S, Negri E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Coffee drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 2007;46:430-5.
28. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2007;132:1740-5.
29. Bravi F, Bosetti C, Tavani A, Gallus S, La Vecchia C. Coffee reduces risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11:1413-21.
30. Bamia C, Lagiou P, Jenab M, Trichopoulou A, Fedirko V, Aleksandrova K, Pischon T, Overvad K, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Fagherazzi G, Racine A, Kuhn T, Boeing H, Floegel A, Benetou V, Palli D, Grioni S, Panico S, Tumino R, Vineis P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Dik VK, Bhoo-Pathy N, Uiterwaal CS, Weiderpass E, Lund E, Quirós JR, Zamora-Ros R, Molina-Montes E, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Dorronsoro M, Lindkvist B, Wallström P, Nilsson LM, Sund M, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Bradbury KE, Travis RC, Ferrari P, Duarte-Salles T, Stepien M, Gunter M, Murphy N, Riboli E, Trichopoulos D. Coffee, tea and decaffeinated coffee in relation to hepatocellular carcinoma in a European population: multicentre, prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer 2015;136:1899-908.
31. Setiawan VW, Wilkens LR, Lu SC, Hernandez BY, Le Marchand L, Henderson BE. Association of coffee intake with reduced incidence of liver cancer and death from chronic liver disease in the US multiethnic cohort. Gastroenterology 2015;148:118-25.
32. Feld JJ, Lavoie éG, Michel F, Dranoff JA. I drink for my liver, Doc: emerging evidence that coffee prevents cirrhosis. F1000Res 2015;4:95.
33. Petrick JL, Freedman ND, Graubard BI, Sahasrabuddhe VV, Lai GY, Alavanja MC, Beane-Freeman LE, Boggs DA, Buring JE, Chan AT, Chong DQ, Fuchs CS, Gapstur SM, Gaziano JM, Giovannucci EL, Hollenbeck AR, King LY, Koshiol J, Lee IM, Linet MS, Palmer JR, Poynter JN, Purdue MP, Robien K, Schairer C, Sesso HD, Sigurdson AJ, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Wactawski-Wende J, Campbell PT, McGlynn KA. Coffee consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by sex: the Liver Cancer Pooling Project. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev 2015;24:1398-406.
34. Kurozawa Y, Ogimoto I, Shibata A, Nose T, Yoshimura T, Suzuki H, Sakata R, Fujita Y, Ichikawa S, Iwai N, Tamakoshi A; JACC Study Group. Coffee and risk of death from hepatocellular carcinoma in a large cohort study in Japan. Br J Cancer 2005;93:607-10.
35. Chu DT, Lepe-Zuniga J, Wong WL, LaPushin R, Mavligit GM. Fractionated extract of Astragalus membranaceus, a Chinese medicinal herb, potentiates LAK cell cytotoxicity generated by a low dose of recombinant interleukin-2. J Clin Lab Immunol 1988;26:183-7.
36. Chu DT, Wong WL, Mavligit GM. Immunotherapy with Chinese medicinal herbs. I. Immune restoration of local xenogeneic graft-versus-host reaction in cancer patients by fractionated Astragalus membranaceus in vitro. J Clin Lab Immunol 1988;25:119-23.
37. Shin HR, Kim JY, Yun TK, Morgan G, Vainio H. The cancer-preventive potential of Panax ginseng: a review of human and experimental evidence. Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:565-76.
38. Keum YS, Park KK, Lee JM, Chun KS, Park JH, Lee SK, Kwon H, Surh YJ. Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Cancer Lett 2000;150:41-8.
39. Jing Y, Ohizumi H, Kawazoe N, Hashimoto S, Masuda Y, Nakajo S, Yoshida T, Kuroiwa Y, Nakaya K. Selective inhibitory effect of bufalin on growth of human tumor cells in vitro: association with the induction of apoptosis in leukemia HL-60 cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 1994;85:645-51.
40. Nogawa T, Kamano Y, Yamashita A, Pettit GR. Isolation and structure of five new cancer cell growth inhibitory bufadienolides from the Chinese Traditional Drug Ch'an Su. J Nat prod 2001;64:1148-52.
41. Huh JE, Kang KS, Ahn KS, Kim DH, Saiki I, Kim SH. Mylabris phalerlata induces apoptosis by caspase activation following cytochrome c release and Bid cleavage. Life Sci 2003;73:2249-62.
42. Wang CC, Chen LG, Yang LL. Cytotoxic activity of sesquiterpenoids from Atractylodes ovata on leukemia cell lines. Planta Med 2002;68:204-8.
43. Ahn BZ, Yoon YD, Lee YH, Kim BH, Sok DE. Inhibitory effect of bupleuri radix saponins on adhesion of some solid tumor cells and relation to hemolytic action: screening of 232 herbal drugs for anti-cell adhesion. Planta Med 1998;64:220-4.
44. Antony S, Kuttan R, Kuttan G. Immunomodulatory activity of curcumin. Immunol Invest 1999;28:291-303.
45. Hirayama C, Okumura M, Tanikawa K, Yano M, Mizuta M, Ogawa N. A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial of Shosaiko-to in chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterol Jpn 1989;24:715-9.
46. Oka H, Yamamoto S, Kuroki T, Harihara S, Marumo T, Kim SR, Monna T, Kobayashi K, Tango T. Prospective study of chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma with Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9). Cancer 1995;76:743-9.
47. Shimizu I, Ma YR, Mizobuchi Y, Liu F, Miura T, Nakai Y, Yasuda M, Shiba M, Horie T, Amagaya S, Kawada N, Hori H, Ito S. Effects of Sho-saiko-to, a Japanese herbal medicine, on hepatic fibrosis in rats. Hepatology 1999;29:149-0.
48. Shiota G, Maeta Y, Mukoyama T, Yanagidani A, Udagawa A, Oyama K, Yashima K, Kashimoto Y, Nakai Y, Miura T, Ito H, Murawaki Y, Kawasaki H. Effects of Sho-Saiko-to on hepatocarcinogenesis and 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine formation. Hepatology 2002;35:1125-33.
49. Zhai XF, Chen Z, Li B, Shen F, Fan J, Zhou WP, Yang YK, Xu J, Qin X, Li LQ, Ling CQ. Traditional herbal medicine in preventing recurrence after resection of small hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Integr Med 2013;11:90-100.
50. Tian HQ, Li HL, Wang B, Liang GW, Huang XQ, Huang ZQ, Lang JM, Zhang YP, Chen XZ, Chen YS. Treatment of middle/late stage primary hepatic carcinoma by Chinese medicine comprehensive therapy: a prospective randomized controlled study. Chin J Integr Med 2010;16:102-8.
51. Man YN, Liu XH, Wu XZ. Chinese medicine herbal treatment based on syndrome differentiation improves the overall survival of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin J Integr Med 2015;21:49-57.
52. Shu X, McCulloch M, Xiao H, Broffman M, Gao J. Chinese herbal medicine and chemotherapy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Integr Cancer Ther 2005;4:219-29.
53. McCulloch M, See C, Shu XJ, Broffman M, Kramer A, Fan WY, Gao J, Lieb W, Shieh K, Colford JM, Jr. Astragalus-based Chinese herbs and platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced non-small- cell lung cancer: meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:419-30.
54. Cho WC, Chen HY. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with or without Chinese herbal therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: meta-analysis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009;18:617-35.
55. Wu P, Dugoua JJ, Eyawo O, Mills EJ. Traditional Chinese medicines in the treatment of hepatocellular cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2009;28:112.
56. Fu F, Wan Y, Mulati, Wu T. Kanglaite injection combined with hepatic arterial intervention for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Ther 2014;10:38-41.
57. Vara D, Salazar M, Olea-Herrero N, Guzman M, Velasco G, Diaz-Laviada I. Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma: role of AMPK-dependent activation of autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2011;18:1099-111.
58. Velasco G, Sanchez C, Guzman M. Towards the use of cannabinoids as antitumour agents. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:436-44.
59. O'Sullivan SE. Cannabinoids go nuclear: evidence for activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2007;152:576-82.
60. Yousse FJ, Badr M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and cancer: challenges and opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2011;164:68-82.
61. Shen B, Chu ES, Zhao G, Man K, Wu CW, Cheng JT, Li G, Nie Y, Lo CM, Teoh N, Farrell GC, Sung JJ, Yu J. PPARgamma inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma metastases in vitro and in mice. Br J Cancer 2012;106:1486-94.
62. Yu J, Shen B, Chu ES, Teoh N, Cheung KF, Wu CW, Wang S, Lam CN, Feng H, Zhao J, Cheng AS, To KF, Chan HL, Sung JJ. Inhibitory role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in hepatocarcinogenesis in mice and in vitro. Hepatology 2010;51:2008-19.
63. Giuliano M, Pellerito O, Portanova P, Calvaruso G, Santulli A, De Blasio A, Vento R, Tesoriere G. Apoptosis induced in HepG2 cells by the synthetic cannabinoid WIN: involvement of the transcription factor PPARgamma. Biochimie 2009;91:457-65.
64. Jiang M, Fernandez S, Jerome WG, He Y, Yu X, Cai H, Boone B, Yi Y, Magnuson MA, Roy-Burman P, Matusik RJ, Shappell SB, Hayward SW. Disruption of PPARgamma signaling results in mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia involving active autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2010;17:469-81.
65. Vara D, Morell C, Rodrıguez-Henche N, Diaz-Laviada I. Involvement of PPARc in the antitumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2013;4:e618.
66. Salazar M, Hernandez-Tiedra S, Torres S, Lorente M, Guzman M, Velasco G. Detecting autophagy in response to ER stress signals in cancer. Methods Enzymol 2011;489:297-317.